Anatomy and Physiology 2 - Study Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering body systems, directional terms, planes, cavities, membranes, body regions, and common imaging terms based on the lecture notes.

Integumentary system

Includes skin, hair, nails, glands; main function is protection.

Skeletal system

Bones and cartilage (and joints); major functions: protection, mineral storage (calcium), and blood cell synthesis (bone marrow).

Muscular system

Three muscle tissue types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth; main function is movement.

Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves; transmits electrical impulses for rapid communication.

Endocrine system

Glands throughout the body (e.g., pituitary, pineal, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes) that secrete hormones for long‑term regulation.

Cardiovascular system

Heart and blood vessels; main function is transportation of hormones, nutrients, gases, and wastes.

Lymphatic system

Lymph nodes, spleen, and vessels; fights infection and supports immune function; transports lymph.

Respiratory system

Trachea, bronchi, and related structures; function is gas exchange with the environment.

Digestive system

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal; accessory organs include pancreas and liver; function is digestion and nutrient absorption.

Urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; filters blood, balances fluids/electrolytes/pH (homeostasis).

Reproductive system (female/male)

Ovaries (female) and testes (male); production of gametes and hormones.

Cephalic

Head region.

Cranial

Relating to the skull.

Facial

Front of the head; the face.

Occipital

Back of the head.

Ocular

Relating to the eyes.

Nasal

Relating to the nose.

Oral

Relating to the mouth.

Mental

Relating to the chin.

Cervical

Neck region.

Thoracic

Chest region.

Olecranon

Elbow prominence; posterior aspect of the elbow.

Antecubital

Front (anterior) aspect of the elbow.

Antebrachial

Forearm.

Carpal

Wrist bones.

Manus/Manual

The hand.

Palmar

The palm of the hand.

Digital

Fingers.

Pelvic region

Hip region; lower trunk between abdomen and thighs.

Pubic

Front part of the pelvis; region over the pubic bones.

Gluteal

Buttocks region.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline; toward the side.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body.

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body.

Superficial

Toward the body surface.

Deep

Away from the body surface; toward the interior.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right; mid-sagittal divides into equal halves.

Frontal (coronal) plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

Oblique plane

Diagonal plane cutting through the body.

Cranial cavity

Cavity in the head that houses the brain.

Vertebral (spinal) canal

Cavity that houses the spinal cord.

Thoracic cavity

Chest cavity containing heart and lungs.

Abdominal-pelvic cavity

Cavity containing abdominal and pelvic organs.

Pericardial cavity

Subcavity within the thoracic cavity that contains the heart.

Pleural cavities

Two sacs surrounding the lungs.

Mediastinum

Central thoracic region containing the heart, esophagus, thymus, trachea.

Diaphragm

Sheet of muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal-pelvic cavities.

Membrane

A sheet of connective tissue; serous membranes secrete lubricating fluid.

Serous membrane

Double-layered membrane that secretes serous fluid to reduce friction.

Pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart.

Pleura

Membranes around the lungs.

Peritoneum

Membranes around many abdominal organs.

Radiography (X-ray)

Imaging modality using X‑rays to visualize dense structures (bones) with possible contrast.

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging; excellent for soft tissue detail.

CT scan

Computed tomography; 3D X-ray imaging using cross-sectional slices.