Anatomy and Physiology 2 - Study Flashcards
Course Context and Study Approach
- Review focus: this lecture is a quick review of Chapter 1 material (organ systems, organs, and functions) with a lab emphasis; you’ll likely be tested in lab on these topics.
- Organization: content is rewritten in the order the instructor studied them; not required to rewrite everything, but know the major organs and functions for each system.
- Emphasis on practice and consistency: the instructor likens study habits to athletic training and daily practice, stressing regular, spaced study rather than cramming before exams.
- Philosophical takeaway (from the instructor): life is defined by choices; in the class, decide what you want to get out of it and act to reach that outcome; personal responsibility is highlighted as crucial for success.
- Practical analogy used: preparing for a game or performance (Eagles jersey example) to illustrate commitment, practice, and consistency.
Integumentary System
- Major players: skin, hair, nails, glands
- Primary function: protection
- Other notes: the skin also contributes to regulation and protection of the body; sensory aspects are implied but not detailed in depth here.
Skeletal System
- Major components: bones, cartilage, joints
- Role with other systems: shows the structural connection to the muscular system; joints are a functional bridge between skeletal and muscular systems.
- Key functions:
- Protection of internal organs
- Mineral storage (predominantly calcium stored in bone; minerals stored in bone bodies beyond calcium also present) ext{calcium storage: } ext{Ca}^{2+} ext{ storage}
- Blood cell synthesis: bone marrow generates blood cells
- Additional notes: bones serve as a framework and storage for minerals; joints allow movement when coordinated with the muscular system.
Muscular System
- Three muscle tissue types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- Primary function: motion / motility / movement
- General principle: all muscles contract to produce movement
- Relationship to the nervous system: (contextual note) the nervous system transmits electrical impulses to muscles to coordinate movement
Nervous System
- Main function: transmit electrical impulses
- Role in regulation: short-term regulation of body activities (nerve signaling as the rapid control mechanism)
- Key components named in context: brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Endocrine System
- Scope: glands throughout the body that secrete hormones
- Major endocrine organs named (in order, from brain outward):
- Pituitary gland (center of brain)
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Thymus
- Pancreas
- Adrenal glands (sit on top of the kidneys; two glands, one on each kidney)
- Ovaries (females) and testes (males)
- Core concept: hormones regulate long-term processes and homeostasis
- Note on exam scope: the instructor does not intend to test on every single organ in detail, but understands the major players and their general roles
Cardiovascular System
- Main function: transportation of substances throughout the body (hormones, nutrients, gases like O2 and CO2, etc.)
- Scale: there are over 100 different things transported by the system
- Major players: heart and arteries are explicitly mentioned; note the interconnected vascular network that carries blood
- Visual/location note: the cardiovascular system is described in conjunction with lab-focused study; expect lab-based identification of parts like vessels and the heart
Lymphatic/Immune System
- Major players: lymph nodes and spleen (spleen located in the left upper quadrant below the ribs)
- Additional components: lymph fluid and other lymphatic organs
- Primary function: fight disease and support immune responses (defense against infection)
- Conceptual note: this system provides a defense and surveillance role beyond the bloodstream
Respiratory System
- Major components named: trachea and bronchi
- Primary function: exchange gases with the environment (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)
- Complexity: respiratory anatomy is described as simple anatomically but not trivial functionally due to gas exchange requirements
Digestive System
- Major parts listed: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (three sections), large intestine, anal canal
- Accessory organs named: pancreas and liver
- Functional emphasis: digestion and nutrient absorption; the system has the longest gross anatomy list among the organ systems discussed
- Additional notes:
- Small intestine is described as having three sections; specifics (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) are implied but not enumerated in this transcript
- The digestive tract is described with emphasis on a broad overview rather than every structural detail
Urinary (Renal) System
- Major organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- Kidney function: the primary homeostatic organ; balances fluids, electrolytes, and pH; filters blood and removes unnecessary substances; allows reabsorption of needed substances
- Conceptual note: kidneys support essential homeostasis and are vital for maintaining internal balance
Reproductive System
- Female anatomy: ovaries and uterus described
- Male anatomy: testes described
- Function overview: roles in reproduction and hormonal regulation; specifics beyond the overview are not detailed in the transcript
Anatomical Position and Body Regions
- Anatomical position definition: standing, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward
- Importance: establishes a standard reference frame for describing locations and relationships
- Cephalic region and subregions:
- Cranial (skull), facial (face), occipital (back of head), ocular (eyes), nasal (nose), oral (mouth), mental (chin)
- Neck and trunk regions:
- Cervical (neck)
- Thoracic (chest)
- Elbow and upper limb landmarks:
- Olecranon (posterior elbow)
- Antecubital (front elbow)
- Antebrachial (forearm)
- Carpal (wrists)
- Manus (hand)
- Pollex (thumb)
- Digital (fingers)
- Pelvic region landmarks:
- Pubic (front of pelvis)
- Iliac/lateral regions; gluteal (buttocks)
- Coccyx (tailbone region near the pelvis)
Body Regions and Planes (Landmarks and Dissections)
- Planes and sections used in anatomy:
- Sagittal plane (divides left and right)
- Mid-sagittal (exactly down the middle)
- Frontal or coronal plane (divides anterior and posterior)
- Transverse or horizontal plane (divides superior and inferior)
- Oblique plane (diagonal cut)
Body Cavities and Membranes
- Major body cavities:
- Cranial cavity (head cavity) and vertebral (spinal) canal
- Thoracic cavity (chest) containing sub-cavities:
- Pericardial cavity (around the heart)
- Pleural cavities (around the lungs; two sacs)
- Mediastinum (an anatomical region in the center of the thoracic cavity, containing esophagus, trachea, thymus, and heart though not itself a cavity)
- Diaphragm as the boundary between thoracic and abdominal-pelvic cavities
- Abdominal-pelvic cavity (contains abdominal and pelvic organs; no physical boundary between the abdominal and pelvic regions)
- Membranes and serous membranes:
- Definition: serous membranes are double-walled membranes that secrete fluid to reduce friction
- Examples and components:
- Pericardium (serous membrane around the heart)
- Pleura (serous membranes around the lungs)
- Peritoneum (serous membranes around the intestines)
- Membrane function and terminology:
- Fluids reduce friction for moving organs (e.g., heart beating, intestines moving, lungs expansion)
- Anatomy-related terms to know: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
- Medical imaging overview (not exhaustively tested at the start):
- Radiography (X-ray): basic imaging that highlights dense structures like bone
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): excellent for soft tissue detail
- Computed Tomography (CT): a 3D image built from X-rays; often uses transverse slices
- Contrast dyes: sometimes used to enhance imaging
- Practical note from instructor: not every imaging modality will be tested in depth; foundational knowledge is sufficient for labs and exams
- Anatomical language and communication:
- Terms are essential for clear communication in clinical and lab settings (e.g., EMT scenarios described in the lecture)
- Understanding anatomical position and regional terms facilitates accurate description of injuries, conditions, or findings
- Study mindset:
- Consistent, daily engagement with material (e.g., similar to practicing a sport or instrument)
- Prioritize understanding of major systems and their interactions over memorizing isolated details
Quick Cross-System Connections and Real-World Relevance
- Integrated function: organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis (e.g., cardiovascular delivering nutrients and hormones; endocrine regulation shaping metabolic responses; nervous system coordinating rapid responses, with endocrine system supporting longer-term regulation).
- Lab vs. lecture emphasis: lab-focused content is essential for hands-on identification of organs and relationships; expect practical lab assessments to cover anatomy and terminology previously discussed.
- Ethical and practical implications: understanding the human body's structure and function informs safe medical practice, accurate communication in emergencies, and informed decisions about health and wellness.
- Calcium storage in bone: ext{Ca}^{2+} ext{ storage in bone} (illustrative of mineral storage role)
- Quantitative references mentioned in the transcript:
- There are 2 kidneys
- There are 3 muscle tissue types
- There are over 100 things transported by the cardiovascular system
- Directions and plane definitions are qualitative rather than numerical, but they follow a consistent mathematical framing in anatomy:
- Mid-sagittal plane is the exact middle sagittal cut
- Frontal/coronal plane divides anterior vs. posterior
- Transverse plane divides superior vs. inferior
- Oblique plane is a diagonal cut
End of Transcript-Based Notes
- Use these sections as a framework for deeper study and linking to lab materials
- Review the relationships between organ systems (e.g., how the respiratory and circulatory systems interact for gas exchange and transport of oxygen)
- Practice and rehearse the anatomical terms, especially regional terminology and body cavities, to build fluency for quizzes and labs
