ap psych unit seven part one - MESH

study set over unit seven of ap psychology, MESH (and personality).

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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ex) your parents promise you a trip to disney if you get a five on your AP Psych exam, you become motivated to get a five.

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

ex) a baby turtles instinct to crawl to the ocean after hatching.

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state.

- the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

ex) the trip to disney

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.

- when it's level is low, we feel hungry.

ex) low \_______ \= hunger.

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set.

- when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy output.

obesity

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher (overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher).

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others.

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones.

- both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

estrogen

the most important female sex hormone.

- secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.
- in nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson.

- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
- men have a refractory, women do not --\> women do not need a resting period before experiencing the third stage again (best way to remember: because women are superior).

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which another cannot be achieved.

- men have this, women do not.

affliction need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.

- white primaries are a good example of ostracism, as well as literary tests (also a form of discrimination).

ex) solitary confinement.

narcissim

excessive self-love and self-absorption.

- think of the fairy from barbie fairytopia magic of the rainbow who wouldn't stop looking at himself in the mirror.

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment.

- for mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standard.

flow

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills.

ex) when you're "on a roll".

emotions

a response of the whole organism, involving:

(1) physiological arousal
(2) expressive behaviors
(3) and conscious experience.

polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

facial feedback

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

- when people can "read you like an open book".

behavioral fear effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions.

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

general adaption syndrome (GAS)

selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases:

- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion.

tend-and-befriend response

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

psychneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle.

- the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

type a (personality)

a personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious.

ex) katsuki bakugo (or draco malfoy).

type b (personality)

a personality type that describes people who are relaxed, patient, easygoing, and amicable.

ex) tsuyu asui (or hermione granger).

catharsis

in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety.

mindfulness meditation

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

- used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake, for yourself.

ex) wanting to do good.

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

ex) wanting to stay out of trouble.

over justification effect

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing.

- they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.

ex) if you bribe a child with candy to do their homework, they won't want to do their homework anymore.

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness.

drive reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

arousal theory

a theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.

evolutionary theory of motivation

this theory states that motivation and emotion are inseparable and that our motives are largely
based on instincts.

thomas holmes and richard rahe

psychologists who designed one of the first instruments to measure stress.

- the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) measured stress using life-change units (LCUs).

lazarus appraisal theory

assumes that a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction.

joseph ledoux's theory

human emotions are innately programmed into subcortical brain regions and operate separately from cortical brain circuits.

cross-cultural displays of emotion

the extent to which emotions are expressed similarly or dissimilarly across cultures done by paul elkman.

primary drives

hunger, thirst, survival.

secondary drives

money, fame, career.

lewin's motivation conflicts

approach/approach conflict: the decision between two desirable things.
ex) going to the movies or going to a concert.

approach/avoidance conflict: one choice, but has a good and bad aspect.
ex) prom - fun, but expensive

avoidance/avoidance: the decision between two undesirable things.
ex) chores or homework

multiple approach/ avoidance: many choices but have good and bad aspects.
ex) choosing for college, each has its pros and cons.

unhealthy behaviors

substance abuse, eating disorders, gambling.

stress-related illnesses

diseases related to the amount of anxiety in our life.

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

alarm

the first phase of the stress response, in which the person faces a challenge and starts paying attention to it.

resistance

the second phase of stress response, in which the body settles into the sympathetic division activity, continuing to release stress hormones that help fight off the stressor.

exhaustion

the third phase of stress response, the bodies resources are gone.

eustress

a positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal.

distress

negative stress.

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate.

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.