HIS2223

There were about 500 workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory on March 25, 1911. How would you describe the majority of its workers?

teenage immigrant women

Which of the following was a result of the Brownsville Riot in 1906?

Roosevelt dishonorably discharged the entire African American regiment.

Which of the following statements describes Woodrow Wilson’s background?

He was a professor and college president.

Which of the following groups led the progressive movement?

the middle class

Wilson was a weak president who trusted Congress to adopt the proper policies.

False

Which of the following ideas was foundational in John Dewey's educational philosophy?

that learning should be based on real social problems

What did twentieth-century liberals want to do with capitalism?

reform and regulate it

Which of the following statements characterizes the Progressive Era?

 

It witnessed an extraordinary burst of social activism and political innovation.

President Taft’s domestic policies generated a storm of division

within the Republican party.

Which of the following statements describes the differences between progressivism and Populism?

Progressivism was a national movement, and Populism appealed to the Southern and Midwest regions.

What was Wilson referring to when he spoke about “the heart of the League”?

the possibility of imposing economic sanctions and using moral influence to avoid military actions

\n What did the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution accomplish?

It guaranteed women the right to vote.

Which nation was known as the “powder keg of Europe” because of its internal tensions and ethnic diversity?

the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Which of the following was recommended to Wilson as a Fifteenth Point but went ignored?

\

an end to racial discrimination

\

Which of the following was true of the Revenue Act of 1916?

It was primarily passed to raise money for war preparations.

Which statement describes the diplomatic stance of Woodrow Wilson?

In order to protect democracy, American isolationism would have to end.

What was distinctive about David Barkley Hernandez’s experience in the Great War?

He was the first person of Mexican descent to win the Medal of Honor in the U.S. Army.

Which part of the Versailles negotiations contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party?

the “war guilt” clause that forced Germans to accept responsibility for the war along with its full expense

How did the Great War change migration patterns in the United States?

When rapidly expanding war industries needed workers, hundreds of thousands of African Americans in the South moved to the industrial North and filled the need.

What was the significance of the Zimmermann telegram?

\

It showed German intentions to collaborate in a possible invasion on the United States.

\

Today, the Scopes Trial is seen as an example of which of the following?

\

the debate between fundamentalists and Darwinists

The success of mass production made mass consumption less important than ever.

False

Which of the following united progressive reformers and conservative Protestants behind the same cause?

efforts to ban the Ku Klux Klan

The growth of advertising in the United States slowed the creation of a mass culture.

 

False

According to nativists, which of the following groups was to blame for American radicalism?

 

immigrants

The New Klan, a revived version of the Ku Klux Klan, was the most violent movement of the time. What was its main difference when compared with the post-Civil War White racist group?

The New Klan was open only to White Protestants born in the United States.

Why is it said that Warren Harding proved to be more progressive than Woodrow Wilson?

He promoted racial integration through his speeches and policies.

Despite controversy, psychoanalysis rose in popularity around the world during the 1920s.

\

True

The novel *This Side of Paradise* concerned

modernist student life at Princeton.

Fitzgerald’s stories during the 1920s were

a criticism of the social elite, including himself.

Which of the following statements accurately describes jazz?

It combined the energy of ragtime and the emotion of the blues.

Which of the following sentences describes the historical context surrounding Warren G. Harding’s presidential election in 1921?

There was a general willingness to return to normalcy.

Gertrude Stein was a(n)

experimentalist writer.

What was the state of sports in the 1920s?

\

 

Spectator sports attracted large crowds, as automobile ownership and rising incomes changed the way Americans spent leisure time.

Which of the following happened during the 1920s?

\

Consumer debts almost tripled, as most Americans raised their standards of living.

Why did the Immigration Act of 1924 place no quota on immigrants from countries in the Western Hemisphere?

because Western entrepreneurs did not want the supply of cheap illegal labor to stop

Which of the following statements describes changes in the way goods were purchased during the 1920s?

The rise of advertising contributed to a new consumer culture, strengthening the perceived relationship between social status and possessions.

Which of the following accurately describes the “new women” of the 1920s, such as flappers?

\

 

women who defied traditional standards for women by displaying a carefree, self-indulgent rebelliousness

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the decade between the end of the Great War and the onset of the Great Depression?

As wartime agricultural exports dropped, the decade saw the prosperity of the urban middle class and an agricultural recession, resulting in millions of people moving to cities.

\

Why was the Armory Show in 1913 significant?

It was a controversial sensation that caused modern art to become one of the nation’s favorite topics of debate.

Which of the following statements about Eleanor Roosevelt is accurate?

She was especially supportive of women, African Americans, and youth.

What was the Second New Deal?

\

the more radical phase of the New Deal agenda

How did Roosevelt respond to the banking crisis at the start of his presidency?

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He declared a bank holiday and shut the banks down briefly.

What did “Okie” refugees experience in California’s agricultural industry in the 1930s?

poor-sanitation living conditions

What movement in Europe gained power during the 1930s in part from the economic distress plaguing the region?

 

fascism

The Wagner Act was intended to end labor unions.

False

What conditions created the phenomenon known as the Dust Bowl during the 1930s?

\

 

drought

Who was the highest-ranking African American person in the federal government during the 1930s?

Mary McLeod Bethune

California residents blamed Mexican Americans for what problem in the 1930s?

\

taking jobs from Whites

\

Which of the following statements accurately describes the human toll of the Great Depression?

Disadvantaged groups suffered the most economic and social distress.

What was one drawback of the Tennessee Valley Authority?

It forced people to move if their land was needed for dams and lakes.

How did the public view the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?

It was viewed as helping banks and other big businesses instead of needy individuals.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?

\

 

It established a minimum wage of 40¢ an hour.

Which of the following statements about the Social Security Act of 1935 is true?

The program involved a federal retirement fund for people over sixty-five and was meant to supplement other sources of income.

What was the outcome of the “Indian New Deal”?

It brought only partial improvements to the tribes.

What does the Scottsboro case illustrate about American society during the Great Depression?

Racial prejudices still meant that Blacks were often unfairly treated under the law.

\

The Fair Labor Standards Act forbade racial discrimination in hiring.

False

Why did a recession escalate in the months before the 1929 stock market crash?

overproduction and underconsumption

What new direction did the labor movement take in the late 1930s?

\

the formation of industrial unions

Why was the so-called Court-packing plan significant?

It was among Roosevelt’s most humiliating moments and fractured the Democratic party.

**muckrakers**

Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, consumer safety, working conditions, and more, spurring public interest in progressive reforms.

social gospel

Mostly Protestant movement that stressed the Christian obligation to address the mounting social problems caused by urbanization and industrialization

**women’s suffrage**

Movement to give women the right to vote through a constitutional amendment, spearheaded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s National Woman Suffrage Association.

**Seventeenth Amendment (1913)**

Constitutional amendment that provided for the public election of senators rather than the traditional practice allowing state legislatures to name them.

Taylorism

Labor system based on detailed study of work tasks, championed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, intended to maximize efficiency and profits for employers.

Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

Constitutional amendment that authorized the federal income tax.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive agenda of the “Three Cs”: control of corporations, conservation of natural resources, and consumer protection.

Progressive Party

Political party founded by Theodore Roosevelt to support his bid to regain the presidency in 1912 after his split from the Taft Republicans.

New Freedom

Program championed in 1912 by the Woodrow Wilson campaign that aimed to restore competition in the economy by eliminating all trusts rather than simply regulating them.

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Legislation passed by Congress to create a new national banking system in order to regulate the nation’s currency supply and ensure the stability and integrity of member banks that made up the Federal Reserve System across the nation.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Independent agency created by the Wilson administration that replaced the Bureau of Corporations as an even more powerful tool to combat unfair trade practices and monopolies.

Clayton-Anti-Trust Act (1914)

Legislation that served to enhance the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) by clarifying what constituted “monopolistic” activities and declaring that labor unions were not to be viewed as “monopolies in restraint of trade.”

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

One of the two sides during the Great War, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey (the Ottoman Empire).

triple Entente (Allied Powers)

Nations fighting the Central Powers during the Great War, including France, Great Britain, and Russia; later joined by Italy and, after Russia quit the war in 1917, the United States.

Western Front

Contested frontier between the Central and Allied Powers that ran along northern France and across Belgium.

Trench Warfare

A form of prolonged combat between the entrenched positions of opposing armies, often with little tactical movement.

U-boat

German military submarine used during the Great War to attack warships as well as merchant ships of enemy and neutral nations.

Lusitania

British ocean liner torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat; the deaths of nearly 1,200 of its civilian passengers, including many Americans, caused international outrage.

Zimmermann telegram

Message sent by a German official to the Mexican government urging an invasion of the United States; the telegram was intercepted by British intelligence agents and angered Americans, many of whom called for war against Germany.

Great Migration

Mass exodus of African Americans from the rural South to the Northeast and Midwest during and after the Great War.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson’s proposed plan for the peace agreement after the Great War, which included the creation of a “league” of nations intended to keep the peace.

League of Nations

Organization of nations formed in the aftermath of the Great War to mediate disputes and maintain international peace; despite President Wilson’s intense lobbying for the League of Nations, Congress did not ratify the Versailles Treaty, and the United States failed to join.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty that ended the Great War, forcing Germany to dismantle its military, pay immense war reparations, and give up its colonies around the world.

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

Constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote in national elections.

First Red Scare (1919-1920)

Outbreak of anti-Communist hysteria that included the arrest without warrants of thousands of suspected radicals, most of whom (especially Russian immigrants) were deported.

Consumer Culture

A society in which mass production and consumption of nationally advertised products comes to dictate much of social life and status.

Jazz Age

Term coined by writer F. Scott Fitzgerald to characterize the spirit of rebellion and spontaneity among young Americans in the 1920s, a spirit epitomized by the hugely popular jazz music of the era.

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s whose rebellion against prewar standards of femininity included wearing shorter dresses, bobbing their hair, dancing to jazz music, driving cars, smoking cigarettes, and indulging in illegal drinking and gambling.

Harlem renaissance

The nation’s first self-conscious Black literary and artistic movement; centered in New York City’s Harlem district, which had a largely Black population in the wake of the Great Migration from the South.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Organization founded in 1910 by Black activists and White progressives that promoted education as a means of combating social problems and focused on legal action to secure the civil rights supposedly guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.

Modernism

An early-twentieth-century cultural movement that rejected traditional notions of reality and adopted radical new forms of artistic expression.

Nativism

Reactionary conservative movement characterized by heightened nationalism, anti-immigrant sentiment, and laws setting stricter regulations on immigration.

Immigration act of 1924

Federal legislation intended to favor northern and western European immigrants over those from southern and eastern Europe by restricting the number of immigrants from any one European country to 2 percent of the total number of immigrants per year, with an overall limit of slightly over 150,000 new arrivals per year.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case (1921)

Trial of two Italian immigrants that occurred at the height of Italian immigration and against the backdrop of numerous terror attacks by anarchists; despite a lack of clear evidence, the two defendants, both self-professed anarchists, were convicted of murder and were executed.

Scopes Trial (1925)

Highly publicized trial of a high-school teacher in Tennessee for violating a state law that prohibited the teaching of evolution; the trial was seen as the climax of the fundamentalist war on Darwinism.

Prohibition (1920-1933)

National ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol, though the law was widely violated and proved too difficult to enforce effectively.

Return to Normalcy

Campaign promise of Republican presidential candidate Warren G. Harding in 1920, meant to contrast with Woodrow Wilson’s progressivism and internationalism.

Open Shop

Business policy of not requiring union membership as a condition of employment; such a policy, where legal, has the effect of weakening unions and diminishing workers’ rights.

Teapot Dome Scandal (1923)

Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing of government oil reserves in Wyoming to private oil companies.

Great Depression (1924-1941)

Worst economic downturn in American history; it was spurred by the stock market crash in the fall of 1929 and lasted until the Second World War.