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what does the term 'glorious revolution’ refer to?
series of events in 1688-89 which culminated the exile of james II and the accession to the throne of joint monarchy, william of orange and james’ daughter mary
what political branch is the glorious rev a keystone of?
whigs (those who opposed catholic accession)
who was the first person to use the term ‘glorious revolution’ and why did they use it?
john hampden → to celebrate that the events of 1688-89 were ‘peaceful and bloodless’ and ‘restored peoples rights against absolute monarchy’
what was james II fleeing the country widely viewed as?
his abdicating himself from the throne
how did a joint monarchy appease the conflict between whigs and tories?
whigs wanted william
tories wanted mary (they believed in hereditary succession)
what main difference did the new coronation oath detail?
outlines parliament has central governing power in the country
what was the transformative change in the joint succession of the throne?
line of succession now dependant on religion
what 4 broad things led to the creation of constitutional monarchy in 1688?
parliament (political consensus)
role of william
religion
actions of james himself
how did religion in 1688 lead to the creation of constitutional monarchy?
motivated by james issuing declaration of indulgence, 1672 (anti-catholic sentiment)
people felt they needed to be more loyal to God
how did the role of william in 1688 lead to the creation of constitutional monarchy?
invasion provided the necessary ‘solution’ to wanting to removing james
provided a protestant solution
how did parliament (political consensus) in 1688 lead to the creation of constitutional monarchy?
whigs and tories both agreed james had broken oath
james being absolutist led to people wanting to overthrow him
joint monarchy
how did the actions of james himself in 1688 lead to the creation of constitutional monarchy?
his fleeing was seen as abdicating
if he hadn’t fled, he would’ve been able to get the lords support
supported by works of john locke
what 2 laws was the new constitutional monarchy of 1688 restricted by?
the bill of rights, 1689
the act of settlement, 1701
give 5 limits on the monarchy that the 1689 bill of rights posed.
must have a frequently summoned parliament
no armies to be raised during peacetime
no taxes without authority of parliament
no excessive fines should be imposed
laws should not be removed or suspended without consent of parliament
what is one big problem with the 1689 bill of rights? how does that affect the govts. power?
there is nothing in place to enforce it = more power to the government
what can the king still do despite the 1689 bill of rights?
declare war and peace
dismiss and call parliament when he wants
right to choose his own advisors/ministers
right to veto legislation
power to appoint bishops
prerogative of mercy
what did the 1701 act of settlement state?
ensured that the heirs to the english throne would be protestant - no catholic heirs allowed
if william or his sister died childless, throne would pass to james’ granddaughter sophia
what year did william’s wife, mary, die?
1694
when is the triennial act reinstated?
1694
what are the 3 main schools of thought in historians?
marxists
whigs
revisionists
what is the typical opinion of marxist historians concerning the glorious revolution?
downplay revolution - large amount of classes not politically involved
say that the events of the 1640s were more revolutionary
what is the typical opinion of whig historians concerning the glorious revolution?
revolution doesnt make any transformative/new changes
it only reforms/rehashes ancient laws and liberties - no fundamental change
nickname it a ‘sensible revolution’
what is the typical opinion of revisionist historians concerning the glorious revolution?
say that there is a dramatic shift (argue against whig interpretations)
large, long-lasting constitutional change
why did william III’s wars cause issues between him and parliament?
william demanding huge sums of money =
wars took his attention away from other issues
worried about bankruptcy (after stop the exchequer)
after 1691, william faced opposition in parliament regarding his power
why did william’s wars require a restructuring of government finances?
ensure debts/loans are paid back
regulate sheer amount of money coming in
annual wartime expenditure over £5.4 million = needed taxation
by the end of william’s wars, what was the governments debt?
£17 million
after william’s wars, what 5 taxes were introduced to help pay off government debt?
increased taxes on goods
poll tax
land tax, 1690
marriage duty act, 1695
window tax, 1696
what year was land tax introduced and how much did it raise?
imposed in 1690 → raised £1.6 million annually + helped fund 1/3 of the war
what year was the marriage duty act introduced and what did it entail?
1695 → placed taxes on marriages, burials and christenings
nobles expected to pay £50 for a marriage
was the marriage duty act (1695) successful?
no → it was unenforceable and ended in 1696 having raised only £50,000
when was the window tax introduced and what did it entail?
1696 → tax levied on the number of windows in the house
how was the window tax (1696) unsuccessful?
people put bricks up on their windows to avoid paying tax
it was introduced too late to have a significant effect on war funding
what sorts of taxes on goods were increased or introduced to aid war funding?
tax on stamped paper, tobacco pipes, salt, and coal
what two acts were introduced as means of government borrowing to help pay for the war?
million loan act, 1693
tonnage act, 1694
when was the million loan act (for govt borrowing) and what did it aim to do?
1693 → intended to raise loan of 1 million
repayment guaranteed from income from excise duties (duty paid on goods like tobacco)
when was the tonnage act (for govt borrowing) and what did it aim to do?
1694 → investors intended to raise a loan of £1.2 million to pay for the war at an interest rate of 8%
why was there increased public scrutiny of income and expenditure?
concerns about huge amounts of money spent on war
people started bribing themselves into higher positions
potential corruption
how was there increased public scrutiny of income and expenditure?
public accounts act, 1691 → sets up commisions where expenditure can be monitored = less corruption
how is the public accounts act (1691) limited in its effectiveness?
good in theory but people can just not show their accounts and the process stops
(this often paints someone as guilty however)
why is the bank of england a significant development?
took over affairs related to military funding
formalised way investors can lend money to the crown
increased trust = more crown funds
introduction of long-term investment
large sum of money paid back w/ interest
introduction of lottery tickets
often used by women due to disproportionate pay
when was the recoinage act and how was it effective?
1696 → restored confidence in financial system
when was the battle of the boyne?
july 1690
what are the 4 main causes of the triennial act?
ireland 1689-91
war with the french, 1688-97
jacobite rising, 1689-92
the whig junto
what was the league of augsberg?
coalition of european powers during the nine years’ war
who were the whig junto?
a group of whig rebels that became very influential
what did the whig junto do that contributed to the triennial act being passed?
supported williams war against french but favoured a strong executive
tried to pass ‘triennial bill’, which both parliamentary houses supported but william vetoed
when was the triennial act passed?
december 1694
what were the big impacts of the 1694 triennial act?
pressure from whig junto to limit williams power further
in-fighting between different factions
opposition able to secure bill to restrict williams army to 7000
conflict between whigs and tories increased
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