PSYC 4450 EXAM #1 (copy)

Abnormal Psychology

psychological disorder

Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response

phobia

psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear

abnormal behavior

actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or unusual behavior

psychopathology

scientific study of psychological disorders

presenting problem

original complaint reported to the client to the therapist

\-actual treated problem may be modification derived from presenting problem

clinical description

details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that makes up a particular disorder

prevalence

number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time

incidence

number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period

course

pattern of development and change of a disorder over time

prognosis

predicted development of a disorder over time

etiology

cause or source of a disorder

exorcism

religious ritual that attributed disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body

psychosocial treatment

treatment practices that focuses on social and cultural factors, as well as psychological influences

moral therapy

psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments

mental hygiene movement

mid-19th century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment

psychoanalysis

assessment and therapy pioneered by Freud that emphasizes exploration of, and insight into processes and conflicts

behaviorism

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

unconscious

part of the physic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person

catharsis

rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy

psychoanalytic model

complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality

id

the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives

ego

the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives

superego

the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society

intrapsychic conflicts

the struggle among the id, ego, and superego

defense mechanisms

ego’s attempt to manage anxiety resulting from id/superego conflict

psychosexual stages of development

psychoanalytic concept of the sequence phases a person passes through during development

castration anxiety

the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers

ego psychology

psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributed psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts

object relations

modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them

collective unconscious

accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations

free association

psychoanalytic therapy technique indented to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious

dream analysis

psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as a symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts

psychoanalyst

therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional postdoctoral training

transference

psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents

psychodynamic psychotherapy

contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts, but is briefer and more focused on specific problems

self-actualizing

process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences

person-centered therapy

therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility

unconditional positive regard

acceptance by the counselor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgement and condemnation

behavioral model

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

classical conditioning

fundamental learning process first described by Pavlov; an event that automatically elects a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not

extinction

learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed

introspection

early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoke

systematic desensitization

behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience

behavior therapy

array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems

reinforcement

consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase the frequency

shaping

the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response

What do we not have a concrete, single definition of due to its subjectivity?

psychological abnormality and normality

What describes abnormal cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning and shows behavior outside of cultural norms

psychological dysfunction

What is set in the context of a person’s background and culture and describes problems with jobs, relationships and daily routine?

psychological dysfunction

What are the three qualifications of a psychological disorder?

dysfunction, impairment, and distress

You can have impairment without…

\-EX: antisocial personality disorder

distress

What is a psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not typical or culturally expected?

psychological dysfunction

This type of mental health professional is trained in clinical and counseling psychology and is research based…

Ph.D

clinical and counseling “Doctor of Psychology” (trained in delivering treatment)

Psy. D

presenting problem

The clinical description begins with what that describes the person’s symptoms they are experiencing?

\-distinguishes significant dysfunction from common human experience

What are the two types of onsets?

acute and insidious

What are the three types of courses in disorders?

episodic, time-limited, or chronic

What are the two types of prognosis?

good and guarded

Mood disorders tend to have what kind of course?

episodic

In etiology, the effect or event is not always the (blank) of the disorder.

cause

What are the three dominant historical traditions that have explained abnormal behavior over time?

supernatural, biological, and psychological

Which of the three traditions describes abnormal behavior being caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, or sorcery?

\-treatments included exorcism and torture

supernatural tradition

What describes strong emotion from one person being spread to those around that person?

emotion contagion

What said that psychological symptoms were a result of the uterus moving around in the body?

the wandering uterus

Who said that abnormal behavior was a physical disease caused by genetics or head trauma?

Hippocrates

What theory states that functioning is related to having too much or too little of four key bodily fluids?

humoral theory of disorders

A treatment for having too little or too much of a certain humor is what?

bloodletting

What was considered general paresis?

syphilis

During the 19th century, many people thought that since antibiotics, like penicillin, were able to cure psychological symptoms, that mental illnesses were essentially the same as what kind of illnesses?

physical illness

The biological tradition said that mental illness had what kind of roots?

biological roots

Electric shock, crude surgery, insulin, and major and minor tranquilizers were used as treatments for which of the three traditions?

biological tradition

The main idea of ( ) therapy is to treat patients as normally as possible in normal environment

moral

What is the order of the 3 traditions throughout history?

supernatural, biological, and psychological

Who were big proponents of moral therapy and called for reform in psychiatric facilities to have better treatment of patients?

Pussin and Pinel

Who was the head of the mental hygiene movement?

Dorothea Dix

What are the thoughts we are not consciously aware of?

unconscious

The id is the illogical, emotional, and irrational part of your brain that operates on the what kind of principle?

pleasure principle

The superego is the learning social and moral values part of your brain, which operates on the what kind of principle?

morality principle

The ego is the rational and logical part of your brain, which operates on the what kind of principle?

reality principle

The conflicts between the different structures of the mind can result in what?

anxiety

What are the five stages of the psychosexual stages of development?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genitals

What is the defense mechanism where you resort back to previous stages after a stressful event?

regression

What was the movement after Freud, lead by his daughter, which was centered around self-psychology?

Neo-Freudians

What emphasized how children incorporate (introject) objects?

object relations theory

The Neo-Freudians de-emphasized the ( ) aspect of Freud’s original work.

sexual

What are the two biggest forms of Freud’s psychoanalytic psychotherapy?

free association and dream analysis

What describes therapists treating clients like someone they know, or projecting their values, beliefs, or emotions on their client?

counter-transference

What describes patients projecting their feelings for a family member or someone they know on their therapist?

transference

Which type of theory’s major themes are that people are basically good and humans strive toward self-actualization?

humanistic theory

Maslow and Carl Rogers were major players in which theory?

humanistic theory

What are the three criteria to creating a safe environment?

unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness

What model was derived from a scientific approach to the study of psychopathology?

\-Watson and Pavlov

behavioral model

What describes clearly defining a word so that everyone is on the same page of its definition?

operational definition

What describes a form of behavior therapy in which counterconditioning is used to reduce anxiety associated with a particular stimulus?

systematic desensitization

What kind of therapy creates new associations by practicing new behavioral habits and/or reinforcing useful behaviors with positive consequences?

behavior therapy

Who came up with systematic desensitization?

Joseph Wolpe

What kind of model explains behavior in a single term or cause?

one-dimensional model

What type of integrative model draws upon info from several sources and says that abnormal behavior is a result of multiple influences?

multidimensional models

What kind of model states that disorders are the result of underlying risk factors and life stressors?

diathesis-stress model

What describes genetic structures of our cells actually changing as a result of learning experiences?

gene-environment interactions

\-EX: an inactive gene may become active because of environmental influences