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Within-Subjects Design
Same participants experience all conditions.
Statistical Power
Reduces variability from individual differences.
Fewer Participants
Efficiency in recruitment and analysis.
Maturation
Participant changes over time (e.g., longitudinal adolescent studies).
Regression
Extreme scores normalize.
Selection
Pre-existing differences affect outcomes (e.g., quasi-experimental studies).
Attrition
Dropout affects results (e.g., longitudinal designs).
Instrumentation
Changes in measurement tools.
Testing
Repeated testing changes outcomes.
History
External events impact results.
Paired t-Test
Related groups (siblings, twins, within-subjects designs).
Independent-Sample t-Test
Separate groups (between-subjects designs).
Factorial Design
Simultaneous testing of 2+ independent variables.
2x2 Design
Indicates 2 IVs, each with 2 levels.
Social Problem Solving (SPS)
Study by Toro et al. (1989) with matched 86 children with LD and 86 without, ages 7-11.
Behavioral Approaches to Weight Loss
Study by Twentyman et al. (1981) with 70 married men and women, 15% overweight.
Peer Advocacy vs. Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Study by Toro et al. with a 2x2 factorial design.
Homelessness and Substance Use
Study by Toro et al. (1995) with groups of currently homeless, previously homeless, and never-homeless poor adults.
HALO Project
Study by Toro et al. (1997-2008) comparing 250 homeless adolescents and 148 housed peers.
Community Placement of Mentally Ill Patients
Study by Christenfeld et al. (1985) with 113 patients releasable within 3 months.
Factorial Design Table Example
2x2 Design with IV1: Spouse Involvement (yes/no) and IV2: Buddy Program (yes/no).
Threats to Validity Mnemonic
MRS. HIT (Maturation, Regression, Selection, History, Instrumentation, Testing).
DPATH1
1992-94 survey with 297 participants across 41 sites.
DPATH2
2000-02 survey with 220 participants across 29 sites.
DPATH3
2019 study interrupted by the pandemic in 2020.
Interviews Length
3-4 hours.
Age Distribution 2000-02
42% aged 40-49.
Age Distribution 1992-94
27% aged 18-29.
Duration of Homelessness
Majority experiencing homelessness for less than a year.
Health Symptoms
Participants with 30+ symptoms rose from 6% to 13%.
Mental Illness
Increased prevalence from 27% (1992-94) to 35% (2000-02).
Substance Abuse
Remained high at 74% (1992-94) and 71% (2000-02).
Dual Diagnosis
Approximately 26% of participants had dual diagnoses.
Social Network Index (SNI)
Smaller family and friend sizes in 2000-02.
Client Data vs. Key Informant Data
Comparison of needs between clients and informants.
Top Client Needs
Permanent housing, medical services, job placement prioritized.
Top Informant Priorities
Transportation and affordable housing ranked higher.
Youth Homelessness Demonstration Project (YHDP)
Aims to coordinate care for youth homelessness.
HUD Funding
First round in 2017 for 10 communities.
YHDP Objectives
Prevent youth homelessness and build partnerships.
Evaluation Design
Longitudinal, multi-site comparative case study approach.
Evaluation Questions
Focus on community implementation and youth perceptions.
Homeless Adult Samples
Older participants showed increased mental health concerns.
Youth Inclusion
Effective strategies involve youth in decision-making.
Program Development
Systematic process for improving human services.
Needs Assessment
Identifies service needs at early development stage.
Qualitative Methods
Focus groups and interviews for data collection.
Program Monitoring
Tracks ongoing processes through management systems.
US Context
14-40% of homeless adults previously in foster care.
Michigan Aging Out Study
816 cases studied; 50% faced homelessness.
BRIDGE Program
Prevents homelessness for youth aging out of care.
Poland Pilot Evaluation
BRIDGE youth had zero homelessness cases.
Psychological Distress
High levels of distress reported among youth.
Outcome Evaluation
Examines program impact and effectiveness.
Note 
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