cellular injury questions pt 1

Describe hydropic swelling?

Na⁺–K⁺ pump dysfunction may lead to cellular swelling

Can cells recover from hydropic swelling?

yes

What could cause hydropic swelling?

Na⁺–K⁺ pump dysfunction caused by cell injury, abnormal intracellular inclusions

An enzyme is a cellular protein.  Why do you think misfolding of that protein is a serious problem for the cell?

Mis-folding is serious because proteins (including enzymes) lose normal structure/function

What are the types of cellular inclusions?

lipid,Glycogen, Pigment (lipofuscin), Abnormal intracellular protein accumulation

Which cellular process is disrupted when inclusions occur?

Cellular metabolism

Where does lipid often accumulate?

Liver

Where does pigment accumulate as lipofuscin?

nerve cells

How is protein damage limited?

Damage is limited by chaperone proteins (attempt to refold proteins) and the ubiquitin–proteasome system (digests targeted proteins into fragments).

How do ubiquitin-proteasome function?

The ubiquitin–proteasome system digests targeted proteins into fragments (removes damaged or misfolded proteins).

Why are cell injury phases and homeostasis equated?

if adaptation occurs the cell may recover; if adaptation fails the cell can be exhausted and die.

How can cells respond to persistent injury?

Metaplasia: change in cell type, Dysplasia: deformation/abnormal cell types that may precede cancer

The lining of the trachea of a smoker changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells to stratified epithelium.  Why would this be a problem?

Columnar epithelium with goblet cells is for absorption, while ciliated cells are good for protection against infectious organisms that are in the air we breathe. Thus the changed cells in the trachea won’t function properly

is metaplasia reversible?

Yes, metaplasia is reversible if the stressor is remove

Cervical dysplasia is commonly seen in human papilloma virus infection.  What is cause of the injury?

Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection causes cervical dysplasia