civil rights

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court case that ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Little Rock Nine (1957)

A group of nine African American students who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, facing resistance.

Governor Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who opposed school integration and used the National Guard to block the Little Rock Nine.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

U.S. president who intervened in the Little Rock crisis by placing the National Guard under federal control to protect Black students.

Felix Longoria Incident

A Mexican American soldier who died in WWII; his family was denied funeral services due to discrimination.

Community Service Organization (CSO)

A Mexican American civil rights group that fought for equal rights and political representation.

Native American Reservations

Areas where Native Americans were forced to live, controlled by the U.S. government.

Termination Policy

A U.S. policy aiming to assimilate Native Americans by eliminating reservations and tribal governance, which was heavily rejected.

Why did Governor Orval Faubus use the National Guard in Little Rock, Arkansas?

He attempted to prevent the integration of Central High School by blocking the entry of the Little Rock Nine.

How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis?

He placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent troops to protect the Black students.

What challenges did Mexican Americans face in the civil rights movement?

They experienced constant discrimination, lack of equal rights, and were often denied services such as funerals.

What was the goal of the Termination Policy for Native Americans?

To assimilate Native Americans into mainstream U.S. culture by ending reservations and tribal governance.

Why was the Termination Policy heavily rejected?

It led to poverty and hardship, as Native Americans were forced to abandon their cultural traditions and communities.

Jackie Robinson

First Black player in Major League Baseball; joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 and won Rookie of the Year.

African American Migration (1910-1940)

Post-Civil War migration where many Black people moved out of the South to cities like New York and Chicago for better opportunities.

The New Deal

Government program providing jobs and financial relief during the Great Depression; gained Black support despite most African Americans being Republicans at the time.

World War II and Civil Rights

Increased Black population in Northern cities; Black soldiers fought in the war, leading to greater awareness of racial injustices.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Rise of the NAACP

Organization that challenged segregation laws through court cases and activism.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

White supremacist group that opposed Black civil rights through violence and intimidation.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

Protest sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest; led by Martin Luther King Jr. to end segregation in public transportation.

What major role did Jackie Robinson play in the Civil Rights Movement?

He broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball, inspiring Black Americans and challenging segregation in sports.

What was the impact of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?

It declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, leading to nationwide desegregation efforts.

How did World War II impact African Americans’ fight for civil rights?

Black soldiers’ service highlighted racial injustices, and migration to Northern cities increased Black voting power and activism.

What was the Southern Manifesto (1956)?

A document signed by Southern politicians opposing school desegregation following Brown v. Board of Education.

What was the significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

It was a successful protest against bus segregation, leading to a Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional.