WH Lap 4

i just wanna be free from the hands of the history of the world. bill wurtz save me

why European nations explore

God, Gold, and Glory

1. Missionary

   1. to spread faiths

   2. often missionaries are the first to arrive in new areas

   3. in their eyes, morally justified slavery, torture 9even if they died they were saved)

2. Fame

   1. glorified explorers and inspired others (marco polo

3. wealth

   1. countries want to get wealthy so they send explorers to find a way to asia to get them

      1. from Moluccas (spice island)

   2. find gold and silver (valuable/currency)

role of marco polo

europeans first hero explorer

writes a lot about his travels (to china) an amazed/inspired other explorers

ebstacles to exploration

1. superstitions due to fear of the unknown

   1. sea monsters

   2. how big is the ocean?

   3. how big is africa (to get to asia)

2. sickness

   1. volages for months

      1. how much food/water?

   2. lots of people on ships

      1. disease gets on and now everyone is sick

   3. bad food

      1. food get bad but they have to eat it since its the only option

1. risk

   1. get lost. bad weather, destination’s people are not hospitable, run into pirates

innovations in tech

encourages exploration because it helps with lessening the obstacles

1. compass and astrolabe

2. improved ships with caravel

3. more accurate maps details coastlines and distances between ports

magnetic compass

always pointing north

from china

now people now the cardinal directions

astrolabe

a way to calculate your latitude (N and S)

from arabs

caravel

a small ship that goes alongside the bigger ship to protect the goods from pirates

equipped with cannons

cartographers

map-makers

portolan maps

has a compass on the map

used as a guide to places

showed distances between ports

not perfect because its a flat map

portugal

first county to explore

dont want to go through italy to traded w/asia so they are looking for an all water route to asia around africa

3 main explorers:

1. henry the navigator

2. Batholomeu Dias

3. Vasco da Gama

results

• makes ports in africa to resupply

• trade wit coastal Africa

• limited trading empire in Indian ocean with e. africa, india, and indonesia

  • later conqueredby enlgish, dutch, french, etc

• colonized Brazil

  • by pedrol cabral (blown off course)

henry the navigator

wanted to go around africa but stops to trade

• gets ivory, gold, slaves and sells guns, clothes, etc

just goes back to spain after africa

funds a navigator school fo captains, cartographers, and funders of voyages

Bartholomeu Dias

attempted to go around africa again

got to the tip but mutany (crew overthrew him) happened because of the bad storms

names tip “cape of sorms but its eventually changes to cape of hope

Vasco de Gama

successfully goes around Africa for the first time to india

4 ships out, 2 return

sells spices in euroe for 1000s% profit

encourages people to explore because its possible

Spain

looking for an all water route to asia by going west

Columbus and Magellan

results:

• created a strong, wealthy overseas empire in the americas (colonization and exploitation of natives)

• colonized Philippines

columbus

italian but sailed for spain

• italy doesnt want to explore

• portugal says no bc they dont want to go west

• spain says yes because its an oppurity for god, gold, and glory but doesnt fund completely

didnt know how big the atlantic was or that the americas were there

landed in caribbean and explored central americas

• he thinks hes in asia

returedwith exotic items (potatos, tomatos, onions, turkey, parrots) and many native americas to show queen

• now the king/queen fully fund the exploration

made 3 voyages to america

“discovered new world”

magellan

portuguese but sailed for spain

named pacific ocean because he thought it was calmer than the atlantic

the straits in the s. tip of s. america are named after him

given 5 ships to find an all water westward route to asia

• very difficult journey

• miscalculated how big the earth is

• landed in phillippines after 2 years and names it after king Phillip

• was killed by natives because he was caught in a skirmish

• only 1 ship made it back

first to CIRCUMNAVIGATE the globe (even though he died

did not succeed in his voyage because the trade route is way to long and not possible

the focus is now on the new world

dividing the globe in half

why? the colonies are coming into contact w/ eachother

treaty of tordesillas

• by pope alexander

• makes lines of demarcation

  • spain gets the americas (not philippines)

  • portugal gets africa and india (not brazil)

• only makes spain and Portugal happy

  • resentment and sompetition with other european nations

  • non-catholic nations dont see this as legit

• tells spain and porugal to do whatever they wanted with that land and the native people on it (labor and exploitation)

europe in S an SE asia to the natives

FOR NOW: the natives have he power and they are cooperative and friendly

portugal in s/se asia

first

builds a spice trade empire in indian ocean

s of mughal empire (india), Goa (given to them to serve as a trading post), Malacca, and briefly indonesia

have a good relationship with the indians

dont keep for ver long as other stronger nations come

Netherlands

challenges portugal in asia

overtakes indonesia

founds the dutch east india company

dutch east india company

investing company

first international company

safer for investors than funding individual voyages

way better than brits

eventually has their own army, negotiates treaties, and has political power

has a 21 yr monomoply

creates a permanent settlement in Cape Town to resupply

spain in S and SE asia

conquering and conversion (to christianity) of the Philippines

different from othher european nations because the conquered the philippines, not just traded with them

philippines acted as a launchpad for spain into trade in asia

england

focuses on india because of political intrest

employed local indians to be soldiers for england

• allows for the people to be more loyal to the British east india company than the mughal empire (already falling bc of corruption and muslim/hindu conflict)

by 1800s colonizes india

ming dynasty reaction to european exploration

little intrest becaue the are ethnocentric

europe still interested in chinese goods (silk, porcelain) but had very little of offer China

• allowed china to be in control of trade relationship

  • only 2 ports to trade (Macao and Canton)

  • demanded gold and silver

    • europe still traded

no intrests in catholicism (suspitious of jesuits) but impressed by thier knowledge of the world and science

matteo Ricci

really wanted to convert chinese people

did actually convert few

respected for his knowledge and lived in china for a while

qing dynasty

manchu in control of china (2nd time foreigners are in control of china)

• got chinese people to feel like they had some say in government (no revolts)

china grew in size and prosperity (new american crops led to population boom)

manch respected chinese traditions like confucianism so they separeted their cultures

TRADE PRACTICES REMAIN THE SAME

did queue order

china is still the most advanced civilization in the world

queue order

used as a way to force subordination and accept rule

forced chinese men to wear hair in manchu style

• goes against confucianism (which says to never cut their hair ever)

shaved front half of head and left the back long, in a braid

korea

invaded by japan

then, manchu conquered them as a tributary state

Korea then self isolated for 250 years

• no new tech advancement, if any, from china

• time of art and literary advancement

japan

initially welcomed portuguese because they had guns and japan wanted guns (to control dismyos)

jesuits brought christianity and printing press

now, shoguns grew hostile Why?

• the japanese christians stat to disobey shoguns

• the Philippines got conquered

so, they banned christianity and japan grew isolated for 200ish year (except dutch in nagasaki harbor)

why just the dutch?

• they never tried to angage with their culture, they just did buisness

the Americas before exploration

maya, aztec, and inca

influeneced by those who came before:

• meso: olmec, teotihuacan, toltec

• andes: chavin and mochinca

all develop individually from eachother

maya

in mesoamerica (heirs to olmecs)

made of individual city states (tikal)

made 2 calendars (365 solar and 260 religious)

develop concept of 0

“born from corn” (grew corn)

did animal sacrifice to make the gods happy

developed 2 farming methods for tropical environment (burning the land)

made pyramid temples from stone (chinch Itza)

• not found by explorers

hieroglyphic writing system

ball sports

dont know reason for decline

aztec

Tenochtitlan is the capital (mexico city)

had a head military leader and a class of priest to did rituals to help them in battle

poltheistic

VERY militaristic

belived in the afterlife

did human sacrifice and cannibalism

needed a constant source of blood for sacrificed (why they were militaristic)

built chinampas

made codices

fell to spanish invaders

chinampas

artificial islands made of mud to make more farming space

showed Aztec resourcefulness

codices

pictographs made by Aztecs to express ideas and stories

showed history of emperor and gods

inca

cusco is capital (in andes)

emperor is the religious leader

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui is first emperor (sapa)

socialist society

• no one owned things and no taxes

• worked for the good of the people

• everything is evenly distributed within empire

uniting aspects: quacaua (language), quipu, polytheistic religion, 14000 mi road

had “chosen women” to serve sun god (inti)

no written language (spoke quechua)

kept records (quipu)

mummfication, metalwork, weaving, domestication of llamas (shown in art)

terraced farming on hillsides

made machu pichu

fell to spanish invaders

quipu

knotted string to mean different numbers

used to keep records in inca empire

“chosen women”

women chosen to serve the sun god (inti)

started young, chosen to be assistants to the emperor and other religious aspects

had high status

could marry

people of north america

adapted to many different enviornments

all were hunter-gatherer and semi nomadic (may have a home-base)

took a very long time to adopt farming from mesoamerica

none were as advanced as mesoamerican/SA civilizations

were not subjugated like mesoamerican people and s american people but were still pushed off their land

• anasazi (SW), cahokia (mississippi), iroquois (NE)

iroquois of northeast

will interact with European settlers peacefully initially

eventually pushed off their land

spain’s american empire

focus on conquest and colonization

• conquest: aztec and inca (impediment to spain)

• colonization

  • building a part of their empire in another land

    • through immigration and conversion

included parts of NA, CA, carribbean, and SA (NOT BRAZIL)

started with columbus

why is columbus controversial

instead of treating he natives as trading partners of equals at all, he indirectly, directly killed natives because he saw them as inferior

he forced the natives to be subordinate to the spanish by becoming laborers

natives died because of him (murder, disease, and overworking)

hernan cortes

conquered the Aztecs

malinche leads cortes to tenochitilan

Moctezuma believes cortes is Quetzalcoatl (white faced god)

this allows cortes to learn more about the city and take over

malinche

knew many languages so he is important to cortes

through this, cortes is able to make allies with tribes who hate the aztecs (abduction to human sacrifice)

shows cortes how to enter the capital

moctezuma

king of aztecs

Francisco Pizarro

conquers the inca though exploiting the division to gain info about the capital

Atahualpa is ransomed by him

atahualpa

a sapa (inca king) that gets kidnapped and ransomed by pizarro to take control of the empire

inca people give money to the spanish

eventually killed which leads to a killing rampage by the spanish of the inca and disease

how did the few Europeans conquer so many natives

1. “the great dying”

   1. 20 millions people died in 80 years due to the diseases from the animals in europe

      1. europeans had immunity to more diseases because they had more animals in europe

      2. natives did not have immunity (flu, smallpox)

   2. military superiority

      1. europe had iron weapons natives did not

      2. proposes idea to europeans that they r better than the natives biologically (smarter)

   3. divison of natives

      1. natives are not united and in tribes

         1. did not get along with eachother

      2. exploited by francisco

jared diamond

question: how were the europeans able to take over the world?

• geographic determinism (NOT BIOLOGY)

  • europe had more farmable land

  • way more domesticatable plants and animals

  • had E/W axis (contuation of same climate for easy species spread)

  • disease wiped out natives (more disease in europe so europeans more immune

    • all this lead to more advanced socities in europe compared to natives

early colonization in new spain

started with missionaries

• franciscians and jesuits baptise natives

had viceroys and the council of indies

imposed european culture

the mother country controlled all trade and economy

• grow cashcrops (sugar tabacco, etc)

  • depends on forced labor of natives

• could only export to and from spain

they used natives as labor because of encomienda

viceroys/ council of the indies

viceroys: appointed by king; governor of one colony; they report to the king/queen

council of indies: created laws for the colony; made of people from mother-country

encomienda

created by the king

AIMED TO BE: groups of natives would work for te owner of the farm and the owner would provide: food, water, clothes, etc

REALITY: natives were tortured, overworked, mistreated, and exploited by the owners because they were seen as replaceable machines

began in carribean colonies

types of labor:

• spanish: cultivate crops (corn, potatos); mine for gold and silver

• portugesus (brazil): mining and raching

RESULT: natives die due to disease and overexertion

response to the encomienda

new laws of the indies

• to try to keep the natives alive

they are ineffective and the natives become peons

• wage workers that dont get paid enough to supply their daily needs

  • paid $ but food, clothes, water, and shelter costs $$

Bartolome de las Casas speaks out

Bartolome de las Casas

a Dominican priest who saw that the native pop was decreasing but the need for labor stays the same

suggests that Africans are brough to fill the labor shortage

naively caused the slave trade

Colonial society

Sociedad de castas (caste system)

• based on race/racial purty

1. Peninsulares

2. Creoles

3. Mestizos/Mulattoes

4. native and african

universities established by the church

growth of cities

peninsulares

born in iberian peninsula/ church leaders

can work in govenrment

creoles

born to peninsulares but born in the americas

owners of plantation

have economic power but NO POLITICAL POWER (no gov jobs)

mestizos and Mulattoes

mestizos: native and european mix

Mulattoes: african and european mix

product of rape of laborers

other european nations in america

• england, france, and netherlands set up colonies in NA to find a way to asia

• also set up colonies in africa and asia eventually

colonial empires for portugal, spain, england, netherlands, and france

portugal: ports in india, colonies in e and w coast of africa, indonesia (lost to dutch), and brazil

spain: mexico, central america, california, s america, SW US, carribbean, philippines

england: E coast of US, canada, and eventually India

netherland: NY (lost of england), S africa, and indonesia (from portugal)

france: canada (lost to england), mississippi river valley (lost to england)

early european encournters in Africa

cannot control/colonize them

• natherlands set up the first perm. settlements (cape town) by the boers

slavery had always existed in africa

will eventually commercialize (make $$$ off of) the african slave trade because all the natives are dying in s america so they need more laborers

• african tribes enslaved other africans from other tribes

• arabs trafficked african slaves

Boers

white africans who colonized cape town (dutch people)

the slave trade

1. europeans start to purachase africans (labor shortages in new world because all the natives were sying

2. the tribes that sell the slaves get european guns

3. europeans need mroe slaves

4. tribes use guns to raid other tribes

5. other tribes will need to protect themselves with guns so they also start selling slaves

result: powerful raiding tribes

a cycle of the slave trade

slaves being the #1 most sold good in the world

initially, africa is in control of the trade but as time goes on, the Europeans get full control

each european country (starting w portugal) starts to participate in the slave trade

slave trade stops in 1800s (outlawed) but slaver trade domestically doesnt stop

• first by british

• last by brazil (portugal)

resistance to the slave trade

some tribes try to resist (difficult because they still need to protect themselves from the raids)

• affonso 1

  • learned portugesus

  • baptised

  • tried to make changes in the slave trade

  • portugese refuse so they give in to protect theselves

• Futa Toro

  • stopped the french from going through their empire

african tribes/states that grew because of slave trade

• osei tutu, asante kingdom

  • united his people

  • got weapons from europeans (participated in slave trade)

  • conquered other kingdoms

  • monopolized gold trade and slave trade

• Oyo empire

  • built massive army w/ guns

  • took over other kingdoms

why were so many people brought to the carribean than other areas of the new world?

• the slaves were worked much harder in the carribean than in other areas of the new world

• sugar is a very labor intensive crop

• brazil and the w indies are very hot so the people died of exertion much faster

the voyage from africa to the new world

it was referrerd to as “Maafa” meaning holocaust

many died before the actual trip (in raids, the march over to the coast)

10-20% died on the voyage to the new world

• got sick (very common), or died were thrown off

1700s was the height

RESULTS

wealth of slave traders and some major african tribal groups

devastation for african culture

• all tribes being raided

• the people are depleted and the demographics change (religion, customs, all men gone)

led to african dispora

african dispora

the spreading of african culture throughout the world for the first time

african, native, and european culture mixing pot

because africans will start to sing and dnace to resist european culture

triangular trade

benefitted europe

the trade between africa, the new world, and europe

manufactured goods

• from raw materials

• rum, guns, etc

• to africa from europe

slaves

• from africa to new world

• dols in America (like animals)

new materials

• cash crops: potatos, tabacco, sugar, corn, rice, indigo, metals, etc

• from work of slives

• from new world to mother-country

middle passage

the journey across the Atlantic ocean

horrific conditions

• stacked on their sides into the holes of the ship

• men chained

• force-fed

• disease is very common

• separated by male or female

• forced to dance and sing for the Europeans

the ships were refferred to as floating coffins

SURVIVED?

considered property in the colonies and lived in abusive conditions

• physical punishments

• few revotes but di resist by practicing their culture and breaking equipment

Olaudah Equiano

got his freedom and spoke about the slave trade

why the slave trade ended in england

comubian exchange

global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from new world to old world

heavily benefitted Europe because all the natives were dying to the diseases

short term: disease, slave trade, decrease in native population, $$$ for Europe

long term: nutrition of world improves and population increases

mercantilism

ON GOVERNMENT LEVEL

the mother country builds colonies and controls all production and promotes DOMESTIC trade

any surplus is exported to other countries

the goal is to sell more and buy less

imposed tariffs (taxes on imports) to promote domestic trade

capitalism

ON LOCAL LEVEL

not a lot of government control

entrepreneurs (private people who risk starting a business) were common

joint-stock companys were common and the Putting Out system

joint-stock company

a way to lower risk on investment into a large buisness

bought small shares of the company so risk is lowered

putting out system

selling things out of your house and taking orders (like for a shirt or something) from people

impact of exploration

Columbian exchange

new economic systems (mercantilism and capitalism)

demographic collapse of native cultures (harsh work killed them all and they were forced to assimilate)

• some did fight back by keeping their religion, lang, and culture

  • still the civilizations were destroyed

African slave trade

create of a new mixing pot of culture

pedro cabral

claimed brazil for portugal because he was blown off course

lord macartney

met with chinese (qing) to open up trade with europe

and asks for an island off the coast and for an embassy (big ask)

rejected though letter