Unit 5: Growth & Development

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cell growth, division, DNA, and differentiation as outlined in the lecture notes.

What are the two main reasons cells divide instead of just growing larger?

Cells divide because larger cells are less efficient at moving nutrients and waste, and there is an increase in demand on the cell's DNA.

What happens to the surface area and volume of a cell as it grows?

As a cell grows, its volume increases at a greater rate than its surface area.

What is the process called when a cell divides into two new daughter cells?

Cell Division.

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Humans have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs.

What are sister chromatids?

Sister chromatids are genetically identical copies of the original chromosomes that are separated during cell division.

What is the role of DNA in cells?

DNA acts as the genetic code that instructs for traits, proteins, hormones, and enzymes.

What is apoptosis?

Apoptosis is programmed cell death.

What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

Malignant tumors spread into neighboring tissues and are fast-growing, while benign tumors remain at their original site and grow slowly.

What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?

The two main stages of the cell cycle are Interphase and the Mitotic Phase.

What occurs during the G2 phase of Interphase?

In the G2 phase, the cell prepares for mitosis.

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces somatic (body) cells and results in diploid cells, while meiosis produces gametes (sex cells) and results in haploid cells.

What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

During Prophase I, chromosomes condense and crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes.

What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

Crossing over increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

What is differentiation?

Differentiation is the process during which immature cells take on specific characteristics and mature into specialized cells.

What are totipotent stem cells?

Totipotent stem cells are cells that can give rise to all types of cells required to form a new organism.

What factors can impact gene expression and lead to differentiation?

Molecules and chemicals can turn certain genes on or off, leading to changes in gene expression and differentiation.