Unit 9 psychology (the end game)

Dysfunction

Impairment in functioning typically seen in individuals with mental disorders.

Distress

Emotional suffering that can occur as a result of a mental disorder.

Deviation from social norms

A characteristic of disorder indicating behaviors that go against societal standards.

Positive effects of diagnosing

Can lead to understanding and treatment of mental disorders.

Negative effects of diagnosing

Can include stigma, racism, sexism, ageism, and discrimination.

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a tool for diagnosing mental conditions.

ICD

International Classification of Mental Disorders, a system for categorizing diseases.

Eclectic approach

Using multiple theories and techniques to inform diagnosis and treatment.

Behavioral perspective on etiology

Focus on learned behaviors as a cause of mental disorders.

Psychodynamic perspective

Focus on unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences as causes of disorders.

Humanistic perspective

Emphasizes individual potential and self-actualization in understanding disorders.

Cognitive perspective

Focus on how thoughts and perceptions influence emotional and behavioral outcomes.

Evolutionary perspective

Considers how evolution has shaped psychological processes and disorders.

Sociocultural perspective

Examines the impact of culture, social norms, and societal institutions on mental health.

Biological perspective

Looks at genetic and physiological factors contributing to mental disorders.

Eclectic perspective

Integrating various theories and approaches to treatment.

Biopsychosocial model

A comprehensive model that includes biological, psychological, and social factors.

Diathesis-stress model

Proposes that disorders develop due to a combination of predisposition and stress.

Client Centered Therapy

A therapy approach founded by Carl Rogers focusing on unconditional positive regard.

ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, characterized by inattention and hyperactivity.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior.

Schizophrenic spectrum disorders

A group of disorders characterized by abnormalities in perception, thinking, and behavior.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Symptoms that add to the experience, such as hallucinations and delusions.

Delusions

Strongly held false beliefs, often seen in schizophrenia.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind.

Disorganized thinking or speech

A symptom of schizophrenia where a person's thoughts and speech are incoherent.

Catatonic excitement

Extreme agitation seen in certain psychological states.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Symptoms that reflect a decrease in normal functions, such as lack of emotion.

Catatonic stupor

A state of unresponsiveness and lack of movement.

Flat affect

Lack of emotional expression.

Possible causes of schizophrenia

Includes genetic links and biological factors like prenatal virus exposure.

Major depressive disorder

A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.

Persistent depressive disorder

A chronic form of depression lasting for at least two years.

Bipolar I

Characterized by at least one manic episode.

Bipolar II

Involves at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode.

Conversion Disorder

A neurological symptom with no identifiable medical condition.

Anxiety disorders

A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear or anxiety.

Specific phobia

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Agoraphobia

Fear or avoidance of places where escape might be difficult.

Panic disorder

Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks.

Ataque de nervios

A culturally-specific syndrome involving emotional distress and physical symptoms.

Social anxiety disorder

Extreme fear of social situations.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Chronic excessive worry about various aspects of life.

OCD

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, involving unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Obsession vs. compulsion

Obsessions are unwanted intrusive thoughts; compulsions are behaviors performed to lessen the anxiety from those thoughts.

Hoarding disorder

Difficulty discarding items leading to cluttered living spaces.

Dissociative identity disorder

A severe form of dissociation where a person's identity is fragmented.

Dissociative amnesia

Memory loss, often related to trauma, which can occur with or without fugue.

Posttraumatic stress disorder

A disorder that develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by restrictive eating and fear of weight gain.

Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by purging.

Personality disorders

Rigid patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from cultural expectations.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

Odd or eccentric personality disorders including paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal PD.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic personality disorders including antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline PD.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Anxious or fearful personality disorders including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive PD.

Meta-analytic studies of treatment

Research indicating the general effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions.

Therapeutic alliance

The collaborative relationship between therapist and client.

Deinstitutionalization

The process of reducing the population of large psychiatric hospitals.

Decentralized treatment

Community psychology approach emphasizing treatment in local settings.

APA ethical principles for therapists

Guidelines for professional behavior including nonmaleficence, fidelity, integrity, and respect.

Nonmaleficence

The ethical principle of doing no harm.

Fidelity

The ethical principle of obligation to be truthful and trustworthy.

Integrity

The ethical principle of maintaining honesty and moral principles.

Respect for people's rights and dignity

An ethical principle emphasizing the need to uphold individual rights.

Psychodynamic therapies

Therapeutic approaches aimed at revealing the unconscious mind.

Free association

A technique where patients express thoughts freely.

Dream interpretation

Analyzing dreams to uncover unconscious thoughts.

Cognitive therapies

Focus on changing negative thought patterns.

Cognitive restructuring

Changing negative thoughts to healthier ones.

Fear hierarchies

A technique used in therapy to gradually expose clients to feared stimuli.

Cognitive triad

The three components of negative thinking about oneself, the world, and the future.

Applied behavior analysis

A treatment based on the principles of behavior modification.

Exposure therapies

Techniques aimed at reducing fear through gradual exposure.

Aversion therapies

Treatment that involves associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant outcomes.

Token economies

A behavioral modification system that rewards desired behaviors.

Biofeedback

Using electronic monitoring to convey information about bodily processes.

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

Integrative therapy focusing on changing thoughts and behaviors.

Dialectical behavior therapy

A type of cognitive-behavioral therapy focusing on emotional regulation.

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A cognitive-behavioral approach that challenges irrational beliefs.

Humanistic therapies

Focus on individual empowerment and personal growth.

Person-centered therapy

Therapy approach emphasizing empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.

Active listening

A communication technique used in therapy to fully understand the client.

Group therapy vs. individual therapy

Comparison of therapeutic settings, with unique advantages for each.

Hypnosis in therapy

A technique used for pain and anxiety reduction, not for recovering repressed memories.

Biological interventions

Medical treatments for mental disorders, including medications and surgeries.

Antidepressants

Medications used to treat depressive disorders.

Antianxiety medications

Drugs prescribed to alleviate anxiety.

Lithium

A mood stabilizer commonly used in bipolar disorder treatment.

Antipsychotics

Medications for treating schizophrenia and other severe mental health disorders.

Side effects

Unintended consequences of medication, such as tardive dyskinesia.

Psychosurgeries

Surgical interventions for severe mental disorders.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A non-invasive procedure using magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A medical treatment for severe depression involving electrical stimulation.

Mary Cover Jones

Pioneer in the field of behavior therapy known for desensitization.

Joseph Wolpe

Psychologist known for systematic desensitization in treating phobias.

Albert Ellis

Psychologist who developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).

Aaron Beck

Psychologist known for developing cognitive therapy for depression.

David Rosenhan

Conducted the 'On Being Sane in Insane Places' study revealing psychiatric diagnosis issues.