Unit 9 psychology (the end game)

Characteristics of disorder

• Dysfunction

• Distress

• Deviation from social norms

Positive/negative effects of diagnosing (stigma, racism, sexism, ageism, discrimination)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders

International Classification of Mental
Disorders (ICD)

Eclectic approach to diagnosis treatment

Perspectives on etiology (causes) of disorder

• Behavioral

• Psychodynamic

• Humanistic

• Cognitive

• Evolutionary

• Sociocultural

• Biological

• Eclectic

Biopsychosocial model

Diathesis-stress model

Client Centered Therapy

Neurodevelopmental disorders

• ADHD

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Schizophrenic spectrum disorders

Positive symptoms

• Delusions (paranoid and grandiose)

• Hallucinations

• Disorganized thinking or speech (word salad)

• Catatonic excitement

Negative symptoms

• Catatonic stupor

• Flat affect

Possible causes

• genetic/biological links (prenatal virus, dopamine hypothesis)

Depressive disorders (primary symptoms)

• Major depressive disorder

• Persistent depressive disorder

Bipolar I

Bipolar II

Conversion Disorder

Manic episodes and hypomanic episodes

Anxiety disorders

• Specific phobia (e.g., acrophobia and arachnophobia)

• Agoraphobia

• Panic disorder 

  • Ataque de nervios

• Social anxiety disorder

  • Taijin kyofusho

• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

OCD and related disorders

OCD

Obsession vs. compulsion

Hoarding disorder

Dissociative disorders

Dissociative identity disorder 

Dissociative amnesia (with and without fugue)

Trauma and stressor-related disorders

• Posttraumatic stress disorder

Feeding and eating disorders

• Anorexia nervosa

• Bulimia nervosa

Personality disorders

Cluster A: Odd or eccentric

• Paranoid PD

• Schizoid PD

• Schizotypal PD

Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic

• Antisocial PD

• Histrionic PD

• Narcissistic PD

• Borderline PD

Cluster C: Anxious or fearful

• Avoidant PD

• Dependent PD

• Obsessive-compulsive PD

Meta-analytic studies of treatment (indicate therapies are generally effective)

Therapeutic alliance and cultural humility

Deinstitutionalization

Decentralized treatment (community psychology)

APA ethical principles for therapists

• Nonmaleficence

• Fidelity

• Integrity

• Respect for people's rights and dignity

Psychodynamic therapies (uncovering the unconscious mind)

• Free association

• Dream interpretation

Cognitive therapies

• Cognitive restructuring

• Fear hierarchies

Focus on the cognitive triad (negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future

Applied behavior analysis

• Exposure therapies (systematic desensitization)

• Aversion therapies

• Token economies

• Biofeedback

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

• Dialectical behavior therapy

• Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Humanistic therapies

• Person-centered therapy 

  • Active listening

  • Unconditional positive regard

Group therapy vs. individual therapy

Hypnosis in therapy 

• Pain and anxiety reduction

• Does not recover repressed memories or allow for regression in age

Biological therapies (interventions)

• Antidepressants

• Antianxiety 

• Lithium

• Antipsychotics

Side effects (including tardive dyskinesia)

Psychosurgeries (lesioning, lobotomy)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

• Mary Cover Jones 

• Joseph Wolpe

• Albert Ellis

• Aaron Beck

• David Rosenhan