USHHH

A late 1800s movement to address problems caused by industrialization

Progressivism

Progressives sought to improve the __________ __________ of the _______ _______

living conditions of the urban poor

-Journalists known as __________, published first hand accounts of the dismal conditions _________ _________ of - "raked up" and exposed the filth of society

muckrakers, working class

Progressivism had four goals: (PPCF)

1. Protecting social welfare
2. Promoting moral improvement
3. Creating economic reform
4 Fostering efficiency

-s cities grew rapidly, by 1920 more than half the population lived in _____, they could not provide the _________ people needed

cities, services

New York landlords must install lighting in public hallways and provide at least one toilet for every two families

Tenement Act of 1901

_______ _______ in _______ _______ created healthier environments and served as a model for other major cities

Housing Reforms in New York

Organization such as the ___________ and ______ were established to fight racial discrimination

NAACP and ADL

a ban on making, selling, and distributing alcohol - gave women experience in public policy

Prohibition Movement

organized crusade against alcohol

The Women's Christian Temperance Union

prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages (repealed in 1933)

Eighteenth Amendment

African American women formed the ________ _________ ____ _________ _________ _____ ________

National Association of Colored Women in 1896

African American women formed the National Association of Colored Women in 1896, to campaign against __________, ____________, and ________________

poverty, segregation, and lynchings

Progressives, influenced by ____________ ___________, believed the government should stop favoring _____ _____________ but rather step in to _________ them

socialist movements, big businesses, restrict

___________ ___________ began using scientific management, studies, to improve __________

Industry managers, efficiency

Henry Ford

mass production and assembly line

Reformers began to fight for the rights of ________ in the ___________

women, workplace

-In 1912 ____________ was the first state to pass a _________________, a national one was not passed until 1938

Massachusetts, minimum wage law

Reformers fought for ________ in the workplace (The Triangle Shirtwaist fire, NY, 1911)

safety

-City governments were reformed, and corruption targeted, by _________ winning elections and holding public office

reformers

Progressives pushed for election reform to make election _______

fairer

Initiative

proposed law on the ballot

Referendum

a recently passed law on the ballot for voters to approve or reject

Recall

remove an elected official by calling a special election

Seventeenth amendment

gave voters the power to directly elect their US senators, instead of the state legislatures

US economy moved more from an _________ based to an ________ economy

agriculture, Industrial

Because the US economy moved more from an agricultural based to an industrial economy, __________ _________ became more important

formal education

Post Civil War many states passed laws requiring mandatory _______ ____________

school attendance

Segregation made educational opportunities uneven
In 1880 about ___% of white children received some form of elementary education compared to just ____% of African American children

62, 34

High schools became more available in the early 1900s offering science, civics, social studies, and vocational courses (important for _______ ________)

industry workers

Colleges and universities were also _____________ throughout much of the US

segregated

Laws in the South made discrimination ________

legal

"Let the South rule the South" (President _______)

Hayes

To restrict voting, ______ ______ and ________ test were made

poll tax and literacy

Poor, uneducated whites received the ________ __________ - if he, his father, or grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867, he was exempt from the tax and test

grandfather clause

designed to enforce segregation

Jim Crow Laws

The court ruled that "_________ but ______" facilities did not violate the 14th Amendment. This allowed legal segregation for nearly 60 years (Plessy V. Ferguson (1896))

separate but equal

In the North _______ ___________ and ____________ was very present as well

social discrimination and segregation

Two different approaches emerged for improving conditions for blacks

WEB Du Bois and Booker T. Washington

Believed black should accept segregation for now and focus on prospering through farming (land ownership) and vocational skills

Booker T. Washington

Believed blacks should speak out and strive for full rights

WEB Du Bois

Some Mexicans and African Americans in the west became "bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer.

Debt Peonage

-By the late 1800s opportunities in higher education began to open up for ________

women

-With lack of professional opportunities after graduating college, many women put their skills to work in ________ ___________

reform movements

By the late 1800s some employment opportunities opened up in the "_________ ___________," and business

caring professions

Working class women, without much _________ ____________, found jobs in industry

formal education

Women began to see their ______ _________ in their communities and societies

roles change

Women's participation in reform movements gained them experience in the field of __________

politics

The National Women's Suffrage Association in 1869 was established to fight for the right of women to ______

vote

________ began granting the right of women to vote before women won the right to vote nationwide

States

The National American Women's Suffrage Association in 1890 - ran by _________ ______ __________ and ____________ ___________ __________

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Ninteenth Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Theodore Roosevelt became president after __________ _________ was assassinated in 1901

William McKinley

bully pulpit

platform to publicize important issues

Theodore Roosevelt saw the ___________ as a platform to publicize important issues - a bully pulpit - he brought new _________ to the Progressive movement

White House, momentum

Roosevelt's intervention in the ______ _______ of ______ marked the first time the federal government had intervened in a strike to protect the rights of the workers and the public

coal strike of 1902

-In 1902 Roosevelt directed the US attorney general to sue the Northern Securities Company (monopolized the railroad from Chicago to the Northwest) for violating the ________ _________ _________

Sherman Antitrust Act

The Supreme Court ruled against the __________ _________ ____________ in 1904 and the corporation was dissolved

Northern Securities Company

The _______ _______ was passed in 1903 - prohibited railroads from accepting rebates and ensuring all customers pay the same rates for shipping

Elkins Act

The _________ _____ ___ _______ strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in setting maximum railroad rates

Hepburn Act of 1906

In 1906 Congress passed the _______ _______ ______ and __________ _________ ________ - required federal inspection and prohibited harmful ingredients

Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act

Roosevelt believed natural resources were limited and should be ___________

protected

reflected Roosevelt's belief that public lands should be actively managed for preservation and productive use - it allowed the federal government to create irrigation projects

Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902

Under Roosevelt's administration nearly 150 million acres were added to the __________ _________

national forests

-Roosevelt had a mixed record were it concerned treatment of African Americans - _________ ___________ - a regiment of 167 African American soldiers falsely accused of taking part in a race related incident in Brownsville, Texas - Roosevelt signed their discharge papers

Brownsville incident

With the election of 1908, William ______ followed Roosevelt as president

Taft

The Taft administration is credited with the passage of the ___________ ____________ - granted Congress the power to levy an income tax

Sixteenth Amendment

Progressives supported an _______ ______ as a way to pay for government programs

income tax

The Republican Party split under the Taft administration because of a lack of ______ on progressive policies

focus

Theodore Roosevelt started the Progressive "_____ _________" Party

Bull Moose

-Because of the Republican split, ___________ __________, the democratic candidate won the presidential election of 1912

Woodrow Wilson

tariff reductions, banking reform, and stronger antitrust legislation

New Freedom Platform

The tariff was lowered and income tax instituted to make up for the _____________ losses

monetary

passed in 1914, prevented corporation from buying stock of competitors with the purpose of forming a monopoly, supported unions by making strikes, etc. legal

Clayton Antitrust Act

Industrialization brought economic ____________ and the desire for more ____________, and raw ___________

prosperity, markets, materials

Strong navies were essential to protect ________

cargo

strategically located _________ ________ were essential in having a strong navy

naval bases

Social Darwinism meant that it was the duty of the "________" nation to "_______" others

fittest, civilize

Protestant missionaries desired to _________ others

convert

Several European nations were achieving success with ___________ and many Americans began to desire the same

imperialism

The US had already purchased ________ in 1867 and now look to ________

Alaska, Hawaii

Americans had begun to settle Hawaii in the mid 1800s, establishing _______ plantations

sugar

Americans sugar planters gradually took control of the __________ and ___________

economy and government

Americans in Hawaii seized power from the Hawaiian monarch and Hawaii was eventually __________ as a territory by the US in 1898 - became the 50th state in 1959

annexed

Following the Spanish-American War, the US under President McKinley set up military governments in both ____________ and _____________

Puerto Rico and Cuba

The US had agreed not to annex Cuba but did force Cuba to agree to the _______ Amendment

Platt

Platt Amendment - Cuba was limited in _______ ________ with other nations, the US could intervene in Cuban affairs, and Cuba had to_______ ______ _______ ________ to the US for naval bases and refueling stations

signing treaties, affairs, sell or lease land

Cuba was a ____________ of the US

protectorate

The US governed Puerto Rico as a __________

territory

Europe and the US had interest in a _______ that would connect the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

canal

A ________ company went bankrupt trying to build a canal in _______ in the 1880s

French, Panama

In 1902, under President Theodore Roosevelt the US began negotiating with the ___________ government for rights to a canal zone in _________

Columbian, Panama

The Colombian senate would not approve the agreement, so Roosevelt supported the Panamanian ____________ that was already starting

rebellion

In 1903 the US signed a treaty with the new government of Panama to build and control a ______

Canal

The US increasingly got involved in ______ ________

Latin America

The US gained trading privileges in _______ in the mid 1800s - making _________ a strategic location for ships to refuel

China, Hawaii

The US desired an ________ _______ ___________ with China - basically just giving the US equal access to the Chinese markets

Open Door policy

Some Chinese began to resent the foreign influence igniting the ________ ____________ (1900) - attack on foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians

Boxer Rebellion

Western nations sent __________ to end the rebellion and China signed a treaty that supported the Open Door policy

military

In the mid 1800s Japan began to rapidly _________ and __________

industrialize and modernize