BIO 201 UNCW With complete verified solutions + Rationales

Define Homeostasis?

The internal conditions of a living organism remain stable regardless of what is going on in the external environment

At the Biochemical Level, where is energy stored?

In the chemical bonds

What are two ways that Organisms Grow

1. Increase in cell number

2. Increase in cell size ( as in muscle)

What is the First law of thermodynamics?

Energy is neither created nor destroyed in the universe, but it can be converted from one form to another

What is the Second law of Thermodynamics?

Entropy ( measure of randomness). All energy will eventually degrade into heat . Organization of matter will become randomized

What is Entropy?

Measure of randomness; The disorder in a system

Metabolism

sum total of all reactions in a system

Anabolism

Endergonic reaction, Requires energy and will not occur spontaneously

Catabolism

Exergonic Reaction, will release energy and will occur spontaneously, you will have less order

What is the energy of Activation?

minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

What are two ways an enzyme modifies a chemical reaction?

1. It speeds the reaction

2. It lowers the energy of activation

What happens when a molecule is phosphorylated?

A phosphate has been attached to the molecule, increasing free energy and making the molecule more complex, as well as changing the molecules shape

What is the Primary mechanism of phosphorylation ?

Control inside of the cell, it can activate or turn off an enzyme.

What is hydrophillic?

Molecules that mix well with water, They are also polar

What is Hydrophobic?

Molecules that don't mix well with water, they are nonpolar

Polar?

molecules that need protein transports to get through the cell's membrane

Non-polar?

Molecules that don't need assistance getting through the cell membrane, unless the molecules is huge.

What is a Carbohydrate?

The food we take in, Glucose (6 carbons)

Monosaccharides?

Simple sugar, Glucose, Frutose and Galactose

Disaccharides?

two monosaccharides ----Sucrose, Malatose, Lactose

Polysaccharides?

Long chains of Monosaccharides

Storage polysaccharide of animals?

Glycogen

Storage polysaccharide of plants?

Starch

Polysaccharide for plant walls?

Cellulose( most abundant)

What is protein?

A large biological molecule or macromolecule, consisting of one or more long amino acid chains

What is an amino Acid

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.

What is the Primary structure of an amino Acid?

linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, held together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds.

Why is the 3D dimensional structure of a protein important?

if the shape is changed, then the fucntion will change as well. If the shape is completely changed then the protein can result in denatured.

What is a lipid-- What are the parts?

Lipid is a nonpolar molecule. Glycerol backbone (3 carbons) + 3 fatty acid chains (even # of C)

What is a saturated Lipid?

it has a single bond

What is an unsaturated lipid?

it has a double bond-- will change the structure and properties of the lipid

What property Of lipids makes them very different than proteins and carbohydrates?

They are v nonpolar molecules

What is a Phospholipid

has a head that is hydrophillic and two tails that are hydrophobic

how is a phospholipid made?

A phosphate group + Glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains

How do Phospholipids aggregate to form the backbone of a membrane?

The hydrophilic head contains the negatively charged phosphate group, and glycerol. The hydrophobic tail usually consists of 2 long fatty acid hydrocarbon chains.

Who is this organization of phospholipids selectively permeable?

???

Define Diffusion

Movement of a material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

What two criteria must be met for diffusion ot occur across a biological membrane?

1. Concentration gradient

2.Permeability

Define Osmosis

movement of water from an area of low concentration of dissolving molecules to an area of high concentration of dissolved molecules

What is Isotonic?

If a solution has an equal amount of particles

What is Hypertonic?

If a solution has a greater amount of dissolved particles relative to another compartments-- Cell will shrivel

What is Hypotonic?

IF a solution has a fewer amount of dissolved particles relative to another compartment --- Cell will swell

What are two kinds of carrier mediated transport?

Facilitated diffusion and Active Transport

What are the properties of Facilitated diffusion

1. Specificity (Selective permeability)

2. Saturated kinetics

HOw facilitated diffusion works?

Carrier proteins can move molecules across the membrane.

What three things happens to glucose once it enters a cell?

1. broken down to use for energy

2. stored (glycogen )

3. Incorporated into large molecules

What is active transport?

Carrier-mediated transport, that goes against the concentration gradient and requires energy

Active transports properties?

1. Concentration gradient

2.Saturation Kinetics

What are three types of Bulk transport?

1. Endocytosis

2.Exocytosis

3.Picocytosis

What is endocytosis?

takes up a large molecule or large amounts of a molecule all at once, that are outside of the cell

What is Exocytosis?

Releases a large amount of molecules out of the cell all at once

What is pincocytosis

process used to take up water?

What is an enzyme?

are proteins

What is its active site?

part of the enzyme that is going to interact with the substrate. Will contain specific amino acids

Enzyme Specificity?

enzymes for specific substrate is very crucial

What are Saturation Kinetics?

Indicator that some component is limiting a reaction

which there is enough enzymes to constantly have a substrate bound them and therefore the reaction is occurring at Vmax.

What kind of experiment is Run to demonstrate saturation kinetics?

???

What is allosteric modulation?

change in activity in an enzyme due to the interaction by a modulator at a site other than the active site

Competitive inhibitor

Competes with the substrate to take up the active site, which will decrease the rate of the reactions

Non-competition inhibitor

Will not compete with the subsrate for the active site, instead will combine on the enzymes alternative site to change the active site, and inhibiting the subrate to fit

What are the Key characteristics of Prokaryotic cells

1. Cell wall

2. No membrane bound nucleus

3.Pili - surface projection

4. Ribosomes

5. Flagellum

6. Plasma membrane

7. Cytoplasm

What are the KEy Characterisitcs of Eukaryotic Cells?

1. Plasma membrane

2. Membrane bound nucleus

4. Nuceolus -- makes the ribosomes

5. Cytoplasm- compartmentalized by membrane bound organelles

What are three primary elements of the Cytoskeleton?

1.Microtubules

2. Intermediate Filaments

3. Actin Filaments or Microfilaments

What is Microtubules?

long hallow tubes made out of alpha and beta tubulins

1. Help maintain cell shape and help move material from through cell

What is Intermediate Filament

Tension- bearing filaments

1.maintaining shape of cell

What is actin Filament or Microfilament?

Can work with other filaments in the cell to induce shape changes in the cell

1. mostly they add to maintenance of shape and strength of cells

What is a motor protein?

Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that are able to move along the surface of a suitable substrate. They are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP and convert chemical energy into mechanical work.

What are the three motor proteins?

1. Myosin

2. Kinesin

3.Dynein

What is Myosin used for?

Muscle contraction

what is Kinesin used for?

Molecule that carries cargo from one part of the cell to another along microtubules or various filaments ( the pengiun looking one)

What is Dynein used for?

Firmly attached to microtubles--- allows the microtubules to move past one another

1. Cilium can bend

2. Found in the cilium and flagellum

What is the internal structure of a Cilium or flagellum?

Axoneme-- a shaft of 9 + 2 microtublar arrangement

1. Doublets with two central microtubules

What is the structure of the nucleus?

Membrane bound nucleus with pores which is called nuclear envelope

what i the nucleolus ?

inside the nucleus,where two subunits of ribosomes are made

What is the structure of the Rough ER?

Studded with Ribosomes

Network of sacs and tubes

What are the functions of the ROugh ER?

1. primary function is the production and sorting of protein

What is the structure of the Smooth Er

LAcks ribsomes and network of sacs and tubes

What is the function of the Smooth ER?

1. Liver cells-- detoxifies toxins and converts them to forms that cen be excreted from our body

2. Accumulation of ions-- huge surface are

3. Carbohydrates metabolism-- involves the storage and release of glucose

4. Enzyme for synthesis of lipids-- and modification of lipids--- primary site where phospholipids are produced, hormones, cholesterol

What is a ribosome and what does it do?

Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of Protein

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

Sacs that are stacked on top of each other.---large Surface area

What are the functions of Golgi?

Packaging center for movement of material

1. process proteins ( when protein arrive at the Golgi apparatus, it is not in its final form)

Describe the components of the secretory pathway?

Proteins produced in the Rough ER--> sent to Golgi Apparatus--> processed and packed into Vesicle --> vesicles move to plasma membrane ---> released by exocytosis

What is a lysosome and what does it do?

small membrane bound organelle, that contains hydrolases,that breaks down macromolecules

What is a perosixome and what does it do?

Contains a very specific enzyme (catalase) which will break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

What is deamination?

is the process by which amino acids are broken down if there is an excess of protein intake. The amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted to ammonia. The rest of the amino acid is made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen, and is recycled or oxidized for energy.

What is the structure of Mitochondria and what does it do?

Structure:

Inner membrane-- has numerous folds and increases surface area

Outer membrane-- is smooth area-- structural protein

Matrix-- Inside the inner membrane, the jell like nature, high in enzymes

Function :

The primary sit of ATP production — ADP + P ( primary sit of phosphorylation)

What is the structure of a chloroplast and what does it do?

It has two membranes, an inner and outer membrane, used in photosynthesis . Found in all species of plant and algae-- stacks of membranes -- increase in surface area

What is a plastid?

Plant Organelles

What are chromoplasts?

Produce pigmentation, yelllow and brown pigments

Leucoplasts?

sythesize and store glycogen

What is Glycolysis ?

break down of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

What is the Pre-kreb cycle?

Where the pyruvic acid needs to go through before it goes into the Kreb cycle-- goes through outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria

what is the Kreb Cycle?

Takes place in the Mitocondria matrix

its a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy.

What is the Electron Transport?

takes place in the inner mitochondria membrane

is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.