Unit 1 and Unit 2

Space

the geometric surface of the earth

Activity space

an area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis

Place

an area of bounded space of some human importance

Toponym

sense of place, name assigned to a location when human importance is recognized

Scale

the relationship between an object and the earth as a whole

Map scale

the ratio of distance on a map to the distance in the real world in absolute terms

Mercator Map projection

excellent showing direction, but distorts size/location of land masses

Goode Homolosine projection

pseudo-cylindrical and shows true size/shape of land masses

Interrupted map

tries to remove distortion by removing parts of the globe

Uninterrupted map

shows entirety of globe

Robinson projection

more distortion near poles, but spreads distortion

Population distribution

spread of people in an area

Population density

the amount of people in an area

Desertification

the process of a land losing its fertility/becoming a desert

Urban sprawl

the unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban/suburban area

Carrying capacity

the maximum amount of people that can be supported by the environment

Demographic characteristics

age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income, and occupation

Crude birth rate (CBR)

total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive

Crude death rate (CDR)

number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people living

Natural increase rate (NIR)

CBR-CDR, percentage by which a population grows each year

Total fertility rate (TFR)

number of children a woman will have

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

number of deaths in a year under one year of age per 1,000 births

Doubling time

amount of time for a population to double in size

Primary Sector

jobs and activities that involve extracting natural resources

Secondary Sector

jobs and activities that take raw resources to produce/manufacture items

Tertiary Sector

jobs/activities that involve service for other individuals

Demographic Transition Model

stages of population growth and decline

Epidemiological model

stages of death patterns

Malthusian theory

population growth vs. food supply

Neo-Malthusian theory

modern population growth concerns

Maternal mortality rate (MMR)

maternal-related death per 100,000 live births

Refugee

forced to leave home country and cross an international border

Transnational migration

emigrates from home country but remains connected

Chain migration

legal immigrant sponsors family member to immigrate

Step migration

migration that happens in stages

Brain drain

skilled labor leaves for better opportunities

Acculturation

adopting traits of a different culture

Assimilation

minority culture adopts a new culture

Syncretism

two or more cultures evolve while remaining distinct