Unit 1

• Space: the geometric surface of the earth

• Activity space: an area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis

• Place: an area of bounded space of some human importance 

• Toponym: sense of place, name assigned to a location when human importance is recognized

• Scale: the relationship between an object and the earth as a whole

• Map scale: the ratio of distance on a  map to the distance in the real world in absolute terms

• Every map has distortion in either the direction, shape, area, or distance

• Mercator Map projection - excellent showing direction, but distorts size/location of land masses. 

  • Uninterrupted and rectangular

• Goode Homolosine projection - pseudo-cylindrical and shows true size/shape of land masses, but there is distortion with the distance near the edges of the map

  • Interrupted, and it’s all zig-zaggy

• Interrupted map: tries to remove distortion by removing parts of the globe

• Uninterrupted map: shows entirety of globe

• Robenson projection: more distortion near poles, but spreads distortion 

Unit 2

• 4 major places w/population - South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe

• Physical factors of an area  -  climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water, & natural resources

• Human factors - economic, cultural, historical, and political aspects

• Population distribution: spread of people in an area

• Population density: the amount of people in an area

  • Arithmetic density = total population in an area/total amount of land

  • Physiological density = total population in an area/total amount of arable land

  • Agricultural density: total farmers in an area/total amount of arable land

• Areas w/higher population density have greater political power and representation (remember gerrymandering?)

• Dispersed populations have less access to goods and services 

• Desertification: the process of a land losing its fertility/becoming a desert

• Urban sprawl: the unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban/suburban area into the surrounding countryside

• Carrying capacity: the maximum amount of people that can be supported by the environment without damaging the environment

• Demographic characteristics  - age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income, and occupation

• The y-axis on a population pyramid = different ages/cohorts

• X-axis = the amount of people (in that cohort)

• Sex ratio: (male births in a society/female births in a society) x 100

  • If the number is more than 100 = more male births, less than 10o = more female births.

• Dependency ratio: (children 0-14) + (ages 65+)/(working age population) x 100

• Crude birth rate (CBR): total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society

• Crude death rate (CDR): number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people living in a society 

• Natural increase rate (NIR): CBR-CDR. It it also the percentage by which a population grows each year

  • Doesn’t count for migration

• Total fertility rate (TFR): number of children a woman will have 

  • Under 2.1 is a population decrease and above is a population increase

• Infant mortality rate (IMR) - the number of deaths in a year that occur in babies under one year of age for every 1,000 births

• Doubling time: amount of time for a population to double in size

Sectors of Economy

Demographic Transition Model

• Stage 1) High CBR and CDR, resulting in low NIR. Majority of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture

• Stage 2) High CBR but CDR starts to decline resulting in a significant increase in NIR. They are transitioning from subsistence agriculture to commercial farming, society is much more developed.

• Stage 3) CBR starts to decline, CDR still declining, moderating NIR. Urban areas become more dominant, jobs are more focused on manufacturing.

• Stage 4) Low CBR and CDR and low flat NIR. Countries may experience ZPG

  • ZPG (zero population growth): happens when CBR and CDR are essentially the same

• Stage 5) Low CBR, Low CDR, negative NIR

Epidemiological model: Death

• Stage 1) pestilence, famine, death

• Stage 2) fewer deaths, receding pandemics

• Stage 3) increase in degenerative diseases

• Stage 4) fighting degenerative diseases

• Stage 5) resurgence of infectious diseases

Moving on…

• Immigration is not factored into CBR or CDR

• Malthusian theory: population grows exponentially while food increases arithmetically, resulting in famine when we pass carrying capacity (the point also known as Malthusian disaster or something)

  • Neo-malthusian theory

• Anti-natalist policies: policies to help decrease society’s birth rate

• Pro-natalist policies: policies to help increase society’s birth rate

• Maternal mortality rate (MMR): maternal-related death (occuring in childbirth or because of it/related to it) per 100,000 live births

Migration

• Causes of Migration - push and pull factors

• Intervening obstacles: negative situations that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination

• Intervening opportunities: positive situations that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination

• Brain drain: when skilled labor leaves a geographic area in favor of another area that offers more opportunities

Effects of migration

• Acculturation: culture adopts traits of a different culture while maintaining parts of their own

  • Like how everyone wears sweatpants and jeans but still eats their traditional food

• Assimilation: when a minority culture adopts a new culture (typically dominant) resulting in the loss of the original culture

• Syncretism: when two or more cultures evolve over time in a similar manner but remain culturally distinct.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration