acc history

tories

* Tories (loyalists) not in favor of the revolution-  those who stood by parliament to resisting the boycott, they see the idea of independence as too radicle. They believe that they get their liberties theri rights form parliament and this is a harsh step to take. Scared and they feared in


* 20% of white americans was not in favor of this revolution
* New York and New Jersey had some of the highest number of loyalists, had the most recent immigrants coming from Great Britain
* Freed and enslaved African Americans and Native Amercians tended to favor the British-did not see a lot of slavery in Great Britain, first hand experience as the colonies treat them differently and unfairly, they se court cases in Britain  that freed slaves
* Native Americans because the British would allow them to have some of their land back-Britain allowed them to keep their land after the French and INDIAN WAR/ Treaty of 1773

whigs

* Whigs (patriots) in favor of revolution- mobilized support across the colonies to overthrow the British, believe that the revolution is good and they are a tyrant

British advantages and disadvantages in the American Revolution

* **Advantages: population advantage more man power, worlds largest navy and best professional army, hire german hessians to do some fighting for them (30,000),**
* **Disadvantages: growing debt and frustrated population (ruins them and leads them to lose this fight)**

Colonial advantages and disadvantages in the American Revolution

* Advantages- the colonists had the advantage of fighting on their own home field; fighting on your own turf can help a lot


* Disadvantages- They did not have the same type of army; they only had citizen militias with no training or experience. They were having to use the tactic of guerilla warfare (irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility, to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.) Although this is the case, Washington works to build up their army into a professional military.

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George Washington

* Washington’s image grew since the French and Indian War


* Wise, logical, mature, good reputation
* Elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and then chosen to represent Virginia at the  Continental Congress
* Put in charge to establish the continental army, named the Commander of the Continental Army
* **He believed in treating soldiers with respect (lower class people) and led with dignity during the Revolution**
* **Smart strategy, he knows he does not have to crush Great Britain into the ground, they just have to prolong the fighting until they give up**

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Revolution in the North

* Britain marched 32,000 troops and they quickly seized New York


* British take New Jersey after they take New York, lost of loyalists are there which is why both of these colonies fell so easily
* Washington is going to return to New Jersey first, many patriots returned to Pennsylvania
* Washington troops will cross the Delaware and then the Battles of Trenton and Princeton strengthen morale and happen (two important colonial victoria)
* It will cut the loyalists strong hold in half so it divides up the loyalists (smart strategy)
* French are paying attention to what the colonists are doing
* France  sends  representative over to the colonies Marquis de Lafayette and the French-meets with Washington and develop a close friendship- they are looking to see if the colonists could actually win this war

Battle of Saratoga

* After lots of fighting and losses to the British, such as their seizing of new york, the battle of Saratoga took place. This was a major turning point because it brought a huge victory for the colonies. It shows France that the colonists could pull the battles off. After this battle, France decides to recognize America's Independence. America is seen as an independent nation due to this huge victory

An International War

* France recognized American independence during 1778-1779


* Important because France is going tos tick its neck out for the US and send troops to help the fighting against Great Britain

Revolution in the West

* Native Americans (Cherokee Indians) raid occur in North Carolina they will be beaten back by the Colonists


* **Colonists will push the Indians further west and burn down their towns as payback**
* Native Anericans, supported by British troops, attack Americans in the West (encouraging them to go and attack the colonists)
* British only help the Native Americans from the beginning, British takes their support away by the end of the war
* By the end of the war, Colonists have been moving out further West, where they had been denied previously

The War Moves South

* British incorrectly believed that there were a lot of loyalists down south-several ports down south


* British seize Charleston and move northward
* Very important port for the south
* Lord Dunmore’s proclamation
* **Southerners area angry, the British are taking away their work force, taking their property away, slave uprising**
* **Not as many loyalists, and if they were any their attitudes were changed after the Proclamation**
* Battle of Yorktown: british build a fort in Yorktown but the colonial army is going to converge Yorktown, docked close by are the French the
* General Cornwallis surrenders: cruel, barbaric, despised end the fighting and the British give up (end of the fighting in the American Revolution)
* Treaty of Paris, ends the Revolution
* John Adamsn, Ben Franklin, and John Jay: people who represent the US and were serving in France cultivating their diplomatic stuff with France
* **1. Great Britain must recognize American Independence, Great britain must withdraw all royal troops, Great Britain must cedes  all land east of the Miss. River, Great Britain would cedes Florida back to Spain**

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation Significance

any enslaved people would be free if they fought with Great Britain

Political and Economic change

* New framework of Government, rejection of Monarchy


* US has rejected the institution of Monarchy and Mercantilism
* Inspiration of the Declaration of Independence, it advocates the rights for everyone, women get inspired by this

Free Blacks in the American Revolution

* Lord Dunmore's proclamation was the claim that enslaved people would be freed if they fought with Great Britain. The South is mad due to this, and they have seen Britain trying to stir stuff up and start slave insurrections. There were fewer loyalists than expected in the South that went to help Britain, it was only a little more than 1000. This eventually led to the battle of Yorktown, where the British gave up and ended the American Revolution. Slavery was still maintained even after the revolution was a contradiction to liberty and equality. There were a lot and major inequality for free black people. Washington placed a ban on freed black people fighting during the revolution for 2 years.

Prince Hall

* Born a slave
* Set free in 1770
* He will form a separate all black masonic lodge- to petition for enslaved peoples freedom
* Prominent abolitionist

Phyllis Wheatley

* New England friend society, one such abolition group starts in New England spreads to NY, PA


* Many free black people in these groups (Phillis Wheatley- poet from boston, she was enslaved but she was educated and was eventually freed she starts writing poetry, she drew upon the ideas of the American Revolution and she amde a plea for Liberty for those who were enslaved \]
* First african american women to publish a book and make money off of it
* Hre works were very widely read

Native American and Loyalists

* Native Americans continue losing land to the newly emboldened Americans


* Destruction of the Iroquois Confederacy- few wanted to join the revolution and a few wanted to separate
* Some NA try to live by or among the white americans but most moved out further west
* Free black people and loyalists flee feeling they have no place in the new country

Status of White Men in the American Revolution

* The status of power did not change much from land-owning men and non-land-owning men. It pretty much stayed the same. Elite landowners maneuvered politically to maintain power because they saw a greater opportunity for social mobility, but they also tended to treat lower classes with respect. The distribution of wealth remained unchanged after the revolution, and even some states bribed lower-class men to fight in the revolution.

Status of White Women in the American Revolution 

Women became “camp followers” during the revolution. These women accompanied their husbands during periods of low military activity and improved morale during winter encampments. Deborah Sampson became a hero of the American Revolution when she disguised herself as a man and joined the Patriot forces. She earned a full military pension for participation in the Revolutionary Army. While the men are off fighting, women are growing public roles in society. Abigail Adams also becomes a leading political voice

Experiment in Gov: Articles of Confederation

* **First type of gov and it failed**


* Transition of being independent colonies to states
* Each state draft its own state competition during the American Revolution
* These state constitutions will outline the rights of the citizens
* State constitutions: representations in state gov, natural rights, regularly call for elections
* Bicameral legislatures in state governments
* States Will have governors that are elected by the people (significant change)
* Property requirements for voting stay the same, it is still required in every state that you must own a certain amount of property to be able to vote
* Unequal elections district in each of the states created for the governments to keep certain people out of power and to keep certain people form voting

Federal Government

* **The founding fathers  feared a centralized authority in federal government, but also a mob-rule democracy. They don't want a strong and centralized federal government like British did, they fear that they will give too much power to the people (mob-rule democracy) specifically lower class people**


* The founding fathers start drafting the Articles of Confederation, drew inspo form the Iroquois Confederacy and the Great Law of Peace
* States rights government- intentionally weak it is going to give more power to the states, “A Firm League of Friendship” between the states
* The US is born with the adoption fo the Articles of Confederation, they officially have a gov now
* One chamber or branch (Congress) elected by state legislatures (1 state=1 vote), the members of congress are chose by their state gov, balancing the interests of every state
* Congress could not enact a tax without EVERY state’s approval
* Congress could not regulate interstate or overseas commerce
* Required 7 states to pass minor legislation
* Required 9 states to declare war, approve treaties, approve treaties, and coin money
* No exec, judicial branch-slim down weak government
* Problem: cant be done, cant pass anything because it is too hard to support legislation or get laws passed by everyone
* Problem: one state one vote, big states have many many more people then a small state but get the same vote
* Problem: does not allow the military

American Under the Articles: many many problems

* Large debt


* “Continentals” made, but quickly lose consumer confidence and lost 98% of its value when the war is over- paper money and printing off these continentals during this war, once the war was over people lose confidence in the money
* **Every single state is going to have its own currency- make it hard to trade between states**
* States start dealing with their own finances without national taxes under the Articles of Confederation-not a good thing due to the debt
* **Each state will make their own state taxes**
* Individual states could not keep trade agreements with Britain

The Confederation and the West

* Biggest achievement under the Articles of Confederation si that they are going to take some of their power back and take land


* Everysingle state is claiming this Western land and there is no system put into place to deal with these land claims and every state wants this land
* Congress is going to reclaim some of its authority and get these states to give up their land claims
* **Congress then passes the Ordinance of 1785-establish procedures for surveying and claiming land and get people to go and buy the land**
* First settles- northwest territory- Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin
* Congress THEN passes Northwest Ordinance of 1877-allows congress to outline a series of steps to organize a territory into a state-system, a way to bring in new states, 60,000 people in order to become a state-create procedures on how to become s state
* Significance of the Northwest Ordinance-prohibits slavery in the Northwest territory-enslaved people could not be brought into these areas-no precedent in regulating slavery

Shay’s Rebellion Cause and Effects: biggest failure of the Articles of Confederation

* Shay's Rebellion was the biggest failure.  It begins in Massachusetts. The state government wanted to pay off its massive debt in 3 years, so they levied high state taxes to pay. There was then a shortage of currency in the states, and nobody had any money to pay. Due to this, Daniel Shays and a group of farmers seized 5 courts and marched towards a federal arsenal, they took control of the courts by 1786. By 1787 is when they marched Arsenal. They are threatening to take the federal government's goods. There was no one around to stop them since there was no military, president, etc… They got together a state military to stop these people, and Daniel Shay got arrested. The effect of this was that the inability to stop the rebellion was what showed everyone how weak the Articles of Confederation were. Using them showed that using them as their form of government made them a weak and vulnerable nation. 
* MOST IMPORTANT: shows how weak the articles of confederation was, it showed the founders that this system of gov is not good this highlighted another fundamental flaw
* The founders meet up again at Philadelphia Convention-realize they have failed and need something better

Failures/Ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation

* There was only 1 chamber/ branch (congress), meaning 1 state= 1 vote. Congress could not enact a tax without the approval of every state, and there was MAJOR debt, so this was a major issue. Congress could also not regulate interstate/overseas commerce. They required 7 states to pass a small piece of legislation and 9 to declare war, approve treaties, and coin money. They had no executive or judicial branch. Using them showed that using them as their form of government made them a weak and vulnerable nation due to no president or military

Philadelphia Convention

* The constitution was approved on September 17, 1787. It was approved by the Philadelphia convention. The government had national authority that states adhered to. Congress had the ability to lay and collect taxes, pass legislation, and regulate interstate commerce. They created a national military and a stronger centralized government.

Virginia Plan (James Madison)

* Congress would have unrestricted power to legislate


* Congress would have power o levy taxes
* Veto state laws
* Authorize military force
* Bicameral legislature based on state’s population
* Representatives form the small states meet up and put forward the (New Jersey plan)
* Stronger government
* Congress has more authority
* Single chamber with each state having an equal vote
* Compromise

The Great Compromise

* Smaller and larger states are all in agreement on a desire for a more centralized government. James Madison introduced the Virginia Plan, a bicameral legislature based on state population. Congress would have unrestricted power, and the problem came up when some states had more power than others. The New Jersey plan was a single chamber with each state having an equal vote. This was brought forward by the smaller states. The larger states didn’t like this because they wanted more than 1 rep due to a larger population. The Great Compromise was that Congress had more power. There was bicameral legislation with a lower chamber based on population (house of reps) and the upper chamber with each state contributing 2 members (senate)

3/5ths Compromise

* Issues emerging from the great compromise. Northern states are beginning to limit the institution of slavery, and they place limits to weaken it. Southern states have a smaller population, so they fear that the North might pass bills to abolish slavery. They came up with the ⅗ compromise, which is 3 out of every 5 slaves would be counted for congressional representation, the south wanted to count slaves as a part of the population, but the North did not, so they compromised. 

Separation of Powers (checks and balances)

* Executive, legislative, and judicial branch

Legislative: 

* House of representatives create laws, oversees federal budget, and can overturn a presidential veto
* Senate can ratify treaties, pass laws, and presidential nominations

Executive:

* President is chosen by the electoral college 
* President can veto laws and conduct diplomacy 
* President appointee cabinet and judges with Senate approval

Judicial: 

* Lower federal courts with judges chosen by president 
* Supreme court can rule on the Constitutionality of laws  

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Principles of the Constitution

* Republican democracy or representative democracy


* Federalism between national and state governments
* Amendments to the Constitution with ¾ approval of state governments

The Struggle for Ratification

* The population was divided between Federalists and Antifederalists


* **Federalists: believed in a strong central government, supported the constitution of the U.S.**
* **Antifederalists: believed in giving more power to the states, they did not support the constitution of the U.S.**
* **The federalist papers created to educate the government about the new government and win their support**
* **Alexander Hmailton, John Jay, and James Madison**
* **George Washington and Ben Franklin did come out in support of the constitution, gave their stamp of approval (public love these figures, take them seriously)**
* **9th states (New Hampshire) ratified the constitution on June 21, 1788**
* **2 of the largest state (NY AND VA) had yet to ratify the constitution for legitimacy**

Election of 1788

* There were looming questions and anxieties about the legitimacy of the first election across the country. The 2 main rivals were the federalist and Antifederalists. The Federalists win a majority in Congress. 

Continued ratification of the Constitution

* There was no clear list of what rights citizens would have


* Some states held out without guarantee of citizen rights
* James Madison led effort to establish citizens rights
* The Bill of Rights were adopted in Dec 1791 to please Antifederalist

Judiciary Act of 1789

* The Constitution required the establishment of federal courts below the supreme court. The judiciary act creates lower federal districts in each state. The courts continued to establish the rights of citizens

Financial Matters

* Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the Treasury (Hamilton apart of Washington's cabinet)


* Hamilton issues two reports on public credit in 1790
* The U.S. was $54 million in debt, including $25 million in state debt
* Report recommended paying debt by selling stocks, bonds, and westerns la ds, as well as issuing tariffs (taxes on imports)
* Report advocated perpetual debt to create unity between the wealthy and the federal government
* Opposition to plans by Antifederalists
* Stocks: investment for profit
* Bond: private citizens lend the gov money, in exchange for a certificate

Causes of the French Revolution

* The French were inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the American Revolution. It begins with the storming of the Bastille in July 1789. There was the issue of the declaration of the rights of men. They supported the ideas of anti-religion, anti-slavery, and greater equality for all. 
* The reign of terror latest from 1793 to 1794 when “mobocracy” unleashes chaos and violence

American Reactions to the French Revolution

* TThere was initial support for revolutionary causes in France. Westerners and Southerners sought alternatives to British trade. French ambassador Edmond Genet was sent to find American support. Which led to Washington's proclamation of American Neutrality in 1793. French immigrants flee from all the chaos and violence

Causes of the Haitian Revolution

* The French-owned the sugar-producing territory of Saint Domingue. And a rebellion of enslaved Africans on a wealthy French plantation in 1791 led by Touissant L’Overture. 

American Reactions to the Haitian Revolution

* The Americans were not pleased. They thought that America working with Haiti was a bad idea and feared attacks from Haitians, which did end up happening in Gabriel's rebellion

Jay’s Treaty

Ohio river valley negotiations with British, it opened new trade deals with Britain, and sailed to stop the impressment of U.S. sailors

Pinckney’s Treaty

Opened the Mississippi River New Orleans for American Commerce 

Bank of the United States Purpose and Effects

* Hamilton issued a report on a national bank
* Private investors invest money in stocks
* Government raises money through stocks and interest
* The bank could deposit tax revenues, issue hard currency, amd give loans to the U.S. government 
* Critics denounce the bank as favoring the elite and being unconstitutional (only the elite and wealthiest, their interests are protected not the lower class)
* The idea was unconstitutional-some argued this 
* Passes very slimly 
* GROWING PARTISANSHIP
* Critics of federalist part denounce the as elitist 
* Antifederalists regroup Democratic-Republics 
* Popularity of washington's above partisanship endures 

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The Whiskey Rebellion

* Growing unrest of farmers in Pennsylvania from Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. Protests were based on revolutionary ideals. Washington's immediate crackdown showed the effectiveness of the Constitution.
* **Shows the effectiveness of the constitution: Washington’s immediate crackdown shows the effectiveness, he is in charge they have the ability of a rebilling army and they have the power to take down this rebelling force**

Political Differences between Democratic-Republican and Federalists

* The Federalists argued for a strong central government, while Democratic-Republicans believed that the state governments should be stronger than the central government. The Democratic-Republican Party saw itself as a champion of republicanism and denounced the Federalists as supporters of monarchy and aristocracy

Define Republican Motherhood

* Republican Motherhood is about raising the next generation of Americans, they instilled values of liberty and independence in their children. They were geared mostly towards their sons, but daughters are also getting those values by growing up beside their brothers. Due to this the daughters are fighting for more rights and women's voting rights. The kids raised this way grow up much more independent and go off to work at a much younger age. They also get married very young and work to have an influence on society at a very young age.

Farmers in the Early Republic

Small farmers embodied the traits of cultural values, good morals, values, and hard work. Thomas Jefferson claimed this idea. Jefferson courts small farmers with the aggregation philosophy during Adam's administration. Adams is trying to win over the farmers to the Democratic-Republican Party. There were farming surpluses 

John Adams and Haitian Diplomacy

John Adams established a diplomatic relationship with Haiti. Toussaint L’Overture, Haiti's leader, formed a former slave (all-black) majority government, which helped them maintain their independence. Adams established a trans-Atlantic, cross-racial alliance, which included Britain too. Haiti is receiving trade goods, arms, and ammunition from the U.S. and Britain. The people of the U.S. were scared of this relationship because they saw the Haitians as wild and were scared they would try to attack

Gabriel’s Rebellion

* Literate slave


* Haitian refugees move into the North
* Virginia’s newspapers extensively  cover the Haitian Revolution
* Rebellion planned in aug 1800 near Richmond, VA
* Gabriel planned to lead 500-600 slaves to capital of VA
* 27 slave people who were involved in this are killed
* One of the slaves involved told his slave owner, and it was shut down the night it was supposed to go off

Describe XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident between the French and the United States. France started seizing American ships, so John Adams sent peace officers meant to meet Charles Tallyrand. French officers met the peace officer and had to bribe them to meet with Charles. They wanted 250k and 12 million in loans. The bribes offended Adams because it showed that France saw them as inferior. Congress then authorizes the Navy to start seizing French ships. Because of this affair, it leads to the Quasi war. 

Quasi War- Cause and Effects

* The cause of the Quasi war was the issues that were happening between France and the U.S. when the XYZ affair occurred. The Quasi-War was unrestricted naval warfare with France. Adams, who is also known as the father of the U.S. Navy, builds up the U.S. Navy because they suck. They built 60 new ships and seized 93 French ships. They also quadrupled the size of the standing army to 12,000 for the war, and Washington helped build them up briefly. The war added 10 million dollars to the national debt, so the taxes had to be raised, upsetting the people. Adams was working to create peace with France during the whole war, so it never turned into a full-blown war.

Alien and Sedition Acts Definition and Purpose

* It was led by a Federalist Congress in 1798. The alien enemies act jail any foreign spies or saboteurs in the U.S., While the alien friends act expels foreigners that were considered dangerous without even giving them a trial. The sedition act made it a crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish... any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the government.  The Naturalization Act was also a law of the United States Congress that set the first uniform rules for granting United States citizenship by naturalization. The Federalists believed Democratic-Republican criticism of Federalist policies was disloyal and feared aliens living in the United States would sympathize with the French during a war. As a result, a Federalist-controlled Congress passed four laws, known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Thomas Jefferson

* He was the author of the Declaration of Independence, governor of Virginia, ambassador to France, secretary of state, and vice president during the Adams administration. Once he took place as president after the bitter election against Adams, he swept the federalists from power He wrote extensively on religion, and even tho he believed in science, he knew different religions better than anyone. He also was a slave owner and supported the institution of slavery. Sally Hemmings was one of his slaves that he had children with

Jeffersonianism

Jeffersonianism is Thomas Jefferson's political philosophy, he was a democratic-republican who was anti-elitist and anti-federalist. His idea was a very strict interpretation of the Constitution and state's rights. If it was not in the Constitution, it was considered unconstitutional. He favored reducing government spending and believed that small farmers were the backbone of the U.S. It was an agrarian democracy which is that small farmers were the most virtuous people in the nation. They spread democracy and liberty everywhere they went.

Reversing John Adams Judicial Branch

Congress repealed the Judiciary Act in 1801, attempted to remove of several federal judges, attempted to impeach a supreme court justice

Marbury vs Madison

* After Congress repealed the judiciary act and tried to get rid of some federal judges, Marbury V. Madison took place. Federalist William Marbury was to become a federal judge. His paperwork was not processed in time, and he was not notified about being a judge. Marbury sued Madison, the secretary of state under Jefferson, for not filing his papers. The case went to the supreme court. Chief John Marshall was leading the court. He was a federalist, but he ruled in favor of Madison. This is important because this was the first time the supreme court asserted its authority to void an act of Congress. It established a precedent of “judicial review,”- which is where the supreme court can decide if a law is or is not constitutional
* THE FIRST TIME that we see the supreme court flex its muscles, assert its authority to override an act of congress,
* established JUDICIAL REVIEW precedent that allows the supreme court to decide whether a law is constitutional or unconstitutional (gives more power to the federalists government)

Barbary Wars and Treaty of Tripoli

* Pirates from the barbary coast sailed in the Mediterranean Sea, capturing American ships and stealing goods; they had already been doing this in Europe. If they paid tributes, then the pirates would leave them alone & the U.S. did the same. In 1796 the first treaty of Tripoli was signed (the payments of tributes to pirates) Pirates were Muslims, and America always said that they didn’t have an issue because of religion; they just didn’t want the pirates stealing their stuff. Jefferson had to make money cuts, so he cut the tributes they were giving to the pirates. This upset the pirates, so they start stealing again. The pirates enslaved white Christians, and white Americans were pissed. The  U.S. declared war on the pirates and had naval battles throughout the Mediterranean Sea. In the end, they sign the 2nd Treaty of Tripoli, which brings the two to an uneasy peace.

Napoelon’s Goals for Europe and the Americas

* He was the dictator of France, and he tried to reclaim Haiti, but they fought off and maintained their independence. He negotiates with Spain and regains the Louisiana territory. Great Britain declares war on France. The U.S. was worried about the port of New Orleans with France and the Louisiana Territory, so they purchased it from France for 15 million. They feared France would try to expand and continue taking the land. They didn’t want them moving into their territory and having a dictatorship so close. He also forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

* The U.S. is worried about the port of New Orleans now that France owned the Louisiana Territory, So they purchased it for 15 million dollars. This was a bitter dispute, but France did not have the troops or funds to retain the territory. Jefferson made a big impact, but it contradicted his ideas of Jeffersonianism. It is not in the constitution and is a very expensive buy.

Lewis and Clark

* Jefferson sends Virginia Merriwether Lewis and 2nd in command William Clarke to explore the Louisiana territory. Lewis studied native habits, cultures, plants, and animals while Clarke came up with a mapping route. French fur trader Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife Sacajewea guide Lewis and Clarke on their expedition. After a year of exploration, they return to inform Jefferson of their findings on the territory.

Jefferson and the Federal Government

* Jefferson convinces to keep the Bank of the United states alive by Cabinet members


* Ohio admitted to the United states in 1802
* Jefferson created the Military academy at West Point in 1802 to train new military leaders
* Jefferson signed a ill ending the international slave trade in the U.S. in 1807
* People can still buy and sell slave people across state lines to other states, they cant bring slaves acorss state lines from Africa

Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton Duel

* Aaron Burr felt threatened by Hamilton during his campaign for the government of New York. Hamilton Criticizes Burr big time in a piece, and Burr loses. He blames Hamilton, and they have a dual. Burr, who is the vice president, kills Hamilton and flees. He then conspired against the U.S. in 1806 while working with the Spanish general, trying to convince states to secede from the U.S. and join Spanish territories.  
* Burr decides to flee the country and lives in England
* Several significant land scandals in the Jefferson administration, people in the administration illegally buying and stealing land from Native Americans

Trade Disagreements

* U.S. ships trading goods with Napoleonic France and Great Britain


* France wants the U.S. to stop trading with GB
* Neutral trading rights: the ability to trade with both
* Great Britain issues trade decrees prohibiting U.S. trade with France, if they did we can seize your ship
* Napoleon and the continental system
* France is saying if anyone follows GB decrees we will seize those ships
* British continue to the impressment of the U.S. sailors, force people to work on the ships
* Jeffeson not pleased, he wants to be able to trade with both

Embargo of 1807

Due to all the issues with France and Britain trading and how they were angry with the U.S. for trading with both, the U.S. decided to suspend trade with Britain and France, which was devastating to American Society. The Merchants and Farmers relied on trading for goods. The region of New England has been particularly affected and hurt by the Embargo Act. 30,000 sailors lost their jobs, and 100’s merchants went bankrupt. Due to this, it kickstarts American manufacturing in the North with an absence of imported goods.

Causes of the war of 1812

* Also called Mr. Madison's war, they fear that they are appearing weak to other nations. Madison pressured allies in Congress to vote for war against Britain, and they did. This is because of all the issues dealing with trading, and the united states was very weak due to a lack of goods. The reasons that they went to war included: The impressment of  U.S. sailors, which was seizing sailors and forcing them to work under the British. This was the number one reason that they went to war. There were also British ships in American waters which are where they should not be. Other reasons are the rejection of neutral trading rights. Also, for the incitement of Native Americans. They thought the British were trying to get the Natives to attack when they were really upset about the U.S. stealing their land.

Southwest Theater in the War of 1812

* The creek indians were inspired by Tecumseh, and they attack the Ameircans in Mississippi and Albama. The creeks slaughter Americans at fort mims and the British were aiding the creeks by supplying them with weapons. Andrew Jackson was sent theatre to protect the American public, and Jackson and his men brought the creeks down.

Battle of New Orleans and Andrew Jackson

* This was the most dramatic victory in the entire War of 1812The most dramatic victory of the U.S. in the entire war was the battle of New Orleans. After the treaty of ghent was signed and the war was over the news was not spread yet to all of the troops. The British army attacks New Orleans, but in just enough time Andrew Jackson swwops in in and saves the U.S. This was in insane victory, because 2000 british died and only 13 americans did. This was another reason that the war was seen as an American Victory because it was like putting in the last word in an argument

Hartford Convention

* The federalist party had suffered another loss in the Election of 1812 and were hurting economically


* Condemn the 3/5ths compromise
* By 1814, talks of a Northern succession movement spread amongst extreme Federalists
* Rise in patriotism after the war’s end
* Federalist party was effectively dead a few years after the war, in the middle of a war they literally wanted to leave

Missouri Compromise

* The Missouri Compromise was the end of the era of good feelings. Missouri wanted to become a state, but 16% of the population was enslaved, so they had to enter as a slave state. It was 11-11 free and slave states so missouri would make the slave states ore popular. The North and South now have tension due to this, so they decide to compromise. Maine would enter the U.S. as a free state to even things out. They also prohibited slavery above the 36-30-degree line, except in Missouri. Missouri was also not allowed to be discriminatory against free blacks in the state, but they immediately do and the North was unhappy with the whole situation. The issue of expansion shows and the question of if slavery should keep expanding comes into question.

John Marshall and the Supreme Court

* John Marshall was chief of justice. He dealt with the case Marbury V. Madison, and Dartmouth V. Woodward. This case was when New Hampshire tried to make Dartmouth College the state university, even though the college existed before New Hampshire existed. He ruled that states did not have the right to interfere with a federal contract, which is what Dartmouth was under. Another Case he wired was McCulloh V. Maryland 1819. Maryland wanted to tax the bank of the United States, and the two questions that raised was if that was even legal? And if a state could tax the bank? The supreme court ruled it is legal to have a national bank, but states could not interfere with the federal power. This was significant because it takes away state power and more power was given to the federal government.

Era of Good Feelings Cause

* After Madison was elected in 1816, and 1820 the Federalist party had to die out, especially after what the extreme federalists did. This then created the time of the Era of Good Feelings 1817-1819, this was coined after the death of the federalist party and partisanship faded away. Because there was only one party, it became a big text party and they adopt popular federalist policies to win over the new voters. The national bank and Internal Improvements were also adopted. The end of the era was when the second bank opened in 1816 and by 1818 they demanded the repayment of loans to state banks. They tightened restrictions and raised interest rates on loans. Bad management did this and then the bank went bankrupt and had to close. This hurt the people because they can no longer take out loans and a severe economic depression hits and the Americans look unfavorable on the bank and do not trust it. The depression lasted for 2 years. 

Panic of 1819

* Economic crisis


* Opened the second Bank of the United States (1816)
* Centralized national bank, it provides money loans to state banks, the money comes from this institutionalized state bank-the people can go to the state banks take out money and loans
* 1818, the second bank started to demand the repayment of loans to state banks, tightened restrictions, and raised interest rates on loans
* When the state banks are forced to pay money to the centralized bank-the people have to start paying the state banks, and then when people don't pay interest or loans-they are not getting enough money and then the banks have to close
* The people cant get loans when the state banks close-no land, no business
* Severe economic depression and Americans look unfavorably on the bank (people blame it for the crisis, tight money policies cause the depression, PEOPLE HATE THE BANK AND BLAME IT.)

Monroe’s Foreign Policy

* Secretary of state: John Quincy Adams


* Opens up the Organ territory to American citizens (John Adams accomplishes)
* Negotiated with Britain for mercian settlement on this land
* Andrew Jackson: war hero of 1812, killing Native Amercians, U.S. General
* He and his men are down south and are fighting Native Americans, Florida is owned by Spain and is unsettled, many Native Amercians lived in the area of Florida and they would invade into the south attack Americans and retreat back into Florida (hiding out to cross border because they knew Amercians could not follow them back)
* Jackson and his men invade eastern Florida and attack Native Amercians, and the even capture several native forts Spain is mad and Adamasn has to figure it out
* Adam-Onis Treaty: acquires Florida

Latin American Revolution and Simòn Bolívar

Spain is falling apart, Latin America is overthrowing them and a series of revolutions across central and south america erupt to overthrow the spanish empire. Simon Bolivar leads uprisings across venezuela, columbia, bolivia, ecuador, peru, and panama. Initially he tried to unite several different countries into one, ut that didn’t work because they cant unify. There is too big of a difference of languages, and cultures. 

The Monroe Doctrine

* Spain sought to support of the European countries to reclaim their lost empire
* Rejection of British proposals of diplomacy 
* Declaration at the end of Monroe’s residency 
* 1. U.S. policy to abstain from European Wars
* 2. The American continents were not subject to future colonization by Europe 
* 3. U.S. would see European interference in the Americas as an “unfriendly act”
* Slap to British and Spain, they are so anti European because they don't want anymore wars, they are sick of being bullied by these countries

Agriculture Boom: new markets established in Asia, Central, and South America

* Wheat, corn, and COTTON


* Profitable crop, southern land is more valuable- growing of slavery in the south
* Northern industries benefit indirectly from slavery (profited from slavery as well)-North Banks, insurance company (insure slave people), textile factories (getting cotton)
* The U.S. combines into a common market economy: people are making goods to sell for a profit
* Shifting to goods being bought by families instead of being made all of the time

Transportation Revolution

* Steamboats and canals


* Erie Canal: connected the Hudson river to the Ohio river connection from the industrial north to the port of orleans (across the nation)
* Gibbons vs Ogden: supreme court case IMPORTANT, John Marshall is the supreme court justice
* OUTCOME: congress had the power to regulate commerce and navigation
* Important: because it gave more power to te federal government, they are shaping the nation and giving more power to the government
* Railroads: faster, haul more good, reached to more places (Big part in the U.S. economy)

Textile Industries in New England

* IMPORTANT IMPORTANT


* Take the cotton from south and transform it into cloth
* Textile towns develop around the factories (owned by the factory owner)
* People who work the factory are forced to live in these houses, shop at certain stores
* Workers are taken advantage of (young single women, sent the money that they made back to their families, difficult jobs)
* Dangerous equipment, women were frequently beaten and bruised by these machines, hair got caught, lost fingers and hands
* Risk of women being sexually assaulted and even raped
* Men would prey upon these women 12-14 hour workday for women
* Forced to live there and you have to pay rent, forced to go to church, no boys
* Lowell Textile Factory established by Francis Cabot Lowell
* Conditions: workers form a union, labor union, they form this organization and they draft a constitution together
* Two strikes: 1834; this strike was against a wage reduction (failed), but then they form a union 1836; larger, 1500 strikers, and it was also much more organized and even some of the men supported it (successful-able to stop a rent hike)

The Sweep in the West

* Growing population in the “West”


* Americans bring their values with them when they travel out west
* Democracy, Community, Religion, and Business
* Speculators: people who bought many plots of land form the gov to sell for a profit
* Squatters: people who simply move on the land
* Speculators got very angry when they got their land surveyed and realized there were a lot fo squatters on their land, the speculators would just offer to sell the land to the squatters
* U.S. is sending explorers out just like Lewis AND Clark
* They are wanting to more and see what else they could claim
* Zebulon Pike, explores the areas of new mexico, pike’s peak,

Causes for Industrialization in the North (MC Question)

* Population growth


* The Embargo of 1807 (cut off trade with Britain and France) forces north to make their own goods
* Improved transportation
* Steam Powered Machines (machines that can make more goods and is tributing to this industrial revolution)
* Eli Whitney: invented interchangeable parts (replace parts and assemble things more quickly)
* Shifting the companies from making goods to buying more goods now, factories popping up all across the north

James Madison

* Democratic-Republican


* Elected in 1808 with little opposition
* Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 wanted to preserve neutral trading rights
* France agrees to stop seizing American ships
* Britain seized American ships and does not stop: impressment
* “War Hawks” democrat-republicans putting pressure on Madison to be more aggressive on Britain and to do something about trade

Native Americans in the West

* Americans fear British interference with Native American policies


* Native Americans are scalping, Americans moving onto their land is pissing him off
* Jeferson’s idea that is allowing people to take over land
* Tecumsah (The Prophet) led several Native American tribes, he saw NA suffering for generations under white Americans, inspires him to ignore several native tribes to attack Americans
* Battle of Tippecanoe and William Henry Harrison: Harrison and his men they were riding out to go and establish peace with Native Americans; on their way Tecumsah and his men surprise attack on William Henry, harrison and his men were outnumbered but Harson was able to fend off his attackers (hero amongst white america) Tecumsah will escape his death

Mr. Madison’s War

* The United states appeared weak to other nations


* Madison pressures allies in Congress to vote for war against Britain
* Listed reasons for War: impressment of U.S. sailors (HUGE REASON), British ships were stationed in American Waters, rejection of neutral trading rights, the incitement of Native Americans

Battles into the Atlantic

* Blockade by the british will economically devastated New England even more then before


* The British navy overpowers the US navy
* Great Britain was still fighting France and the U.S.
* 1814: Napoleon surrenders they are no longer fighting France and can focus on the U.S.
* Britain goes onto the offense, they launch the Chesapeake Campaign
* British troops will overrun the city and burn a lot of it down
* Attack on Fort McHenry inspires Francis Scott Key to write the “Star-Spangled Banner.”

Political Democratization

* Movement to abolish property requirements for voting


* Starts in the western part of the country due to the fact that they do not actually own their land yet and are still paying mortgage
* Framed as: universal white manhood sufferage
* Reforms in voting methods: popular election of electors (voters choose their own pres, people actually have a voice), secret ballots (no more standing up and orally say who they arr voting for) , and centralized locations (closer locations)
* The “Common Man” is popularized, the lower class white men now have a voice

Election of 1824 and the Corrupt Bargain

* ONLY Democratic-Republicans running


* John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William Crawford
* Jackson most unfit man for office, he did really well in election and people were really surprised
* None of the candidates reached a majority in the electoral college-that vote when to the house and Andrew Jackson felt confident he was going to win until he hears about hidden meetings
* Henry Clay dropped out and votes that would have gone to Clay actually throw their support tot John Quincy Adams
* Andrew Jackson feels that is unfair, Clay dropped so that Adams could win which is why there were secret meetings
* Corrupt Bargain: John Quincy Adamsn will win the election and be the next president, and Clay will be his secretary

Adams Presidency

* Administration believed that he could use the government to morally improve the country


* Domestic goals: internal improvements (roads, canals, ports), and expand business and banking across the country
* National university, national observatory, national academy
* Adams believes that government can do these things and he believes in a strong and powerful government
* He wanted the U.S. to attend the first Pan-American Conference and expand commerce, they would be meeting with other countries Admas wanted to expand commerce within Latin America
* His administration is a failure because he faces a lot of political opposition, he was an inept president because he appointed a lot of enemies-people who didn’t agree with his opinions and he had a lot of people in positions who were not on his side

Andrew Jackson

* Andrew Jackson is becoming more amd more popular, he was a war hero, indian fighter who was popular with average Americans by appearing as a political outsider


* Andrew Jackson is very wealthy and privileged
* New political system changes play to Jackson’s advantage (property requirements and people getting to choose who is pres)
* NEW PARTY: Democratic
* Democratic republican party split into two, pro jackson side; democratic and the anti jackson side; republican (wig)  party
* Too many division and the party got too big, ruptured the party into two
* **Election of 1828;**
* **First popularized election in the nation since all states abolished property requirements and more states are directly letting the people choose their electors**
* Campaign gets pretty nasty
* Jackson wins the election with the help of the “Common Man”
* JACKSON IN OFFICE:
* “Rotation in Office” and the Spoils system-only puts in people who are loyal to him and who support the democratic party  (allows commoners and lower class people take positions)
* He vetos many internal improvements projects early on, Jackson sees the projects as political bribes
* John Quincy Adams before he left office he signed the Tariff of Abominations, it was a high tariff to protect western agriculture and Northern industry, but it did hurt the south because it limited their exports and forced them to buy expensive northern products
* Southerners: upset because all of the benefit is going to the Northern and the Western people, they see the people as pro west and pro north
* This heightens sectionalism (north and south): over the economy, over these tariffs
* Jackson gets into office, many southerners hoped that Jackson would repel this law-jackson agreed with it and did not abolish it, he later signs off on the tariff of 1832

Nullification Crisis

* Nullification: got this idea from Thomas Jefferson, if a state thinks a law is unconstitutional they can nullify it and not enforce it


* It gets support from John C. Calhoun: VP of the United States, he endorses the idea of nullification and secession movements
* Jackson does not agree with John C. Calhoun, he is not a fan of the tariff but he believes and knows that states should not be able to nullify and not enforce a law
* Calhoun resigns due to things being personal
* South Carolina decides to hold a nullification convention: they decide to nullify the tariff (they will not enforce it), they seriously start to talk about secession (leaving the U.S.)
* Jackson sends weapons into south carolina, the people he arms are unionists (people who support the U.S., people who do not want to secede)
* Threaten the people who don’t agree with him, he also issues aa document called the Nullification Proclamation; give jackson the power o use the military to enforce the law in South Carolin
* South Carolina decides they will force the law, they want secede, and they back off
* Compromise of 1833: steadily reduce the tariff over the next decade to please South Carolina

Indian Removal Act

* Five Civilized tribes: Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles


* States become more aggressive towards Native Americans, trying to take their land and get rid of them
* They feel they an because Jackson is in office, he wont uphold the tariffs
* Indian removal act of 1830: exchange public lands in the west for native land in the east, Native Americans would receive 100 million acres out west in exchange for their 32 million acres
* Cost 500,000$ to remove Indians, it would be taken by the United States and the Native Americans would be moved out west
* Cherokee Nation vs Georgia, 1831: supreme justice: John MARSHALL: in this case supreme court rules Native Americans did not have a status in the United States but they were a “dependent nation”-they are not apart of the American Identity
* 1832: supreme court rules that  native americans should still have access to their land
* Jackson defies the authority of the supreme court; he tells the supreme court to “make him” forced removal of Native Amerians come next-the Cherokees in particular had a terrible journey over (miserable conditions, trail of tears, and inclement weather)
* 2,000-8,000 indians died on this trip

The Second Bank of the United States

* People did not trust the second bank because they shut all their stuff down, people couldn’t get their money back


* Jackson hates the bank of the United States, he believed the rumors that the bank had been buying votes against him
* Jackson veto of rechartering bill and the election of 1832
* Congress decides to stay one step ahead of a game so they passed a rechartering bill
* THE WAR ON THE BANK: Jackson removes federal deposit from the Bank, remove $15 million dollars in credit it
* Jackson caused this and caused the death of the second Bank of the U.S.
* He stated that it was a shortage of hard currency, that there was not enough money to go around
* REMOVAL OF SOFT CURRENCY: (paper money) strictly use hard currency, shifts the country into this economic system where they solely rely on hard currency
* The Wig party then becomes organized: they were disorganized, the Wig party still supports a national bank and they support tariffs, internal improvement projects, and support centralized government supporting U.S.  businesses
* Panic of 1837: another serious crisis, it is caused by Jackson’s economic policies, the bank is dead and gone there is not enough hard currency going around and it leads to a economic depression (3 years)

Women’s Suffrage Movement

* Temperance movement: ban alcohol


* Women leading the temperance movement, they see it is affecting them when men are out drinking
* American Temperance Society: my man is coming home drunk beating me I am going to join this society 
* Public school reform in Northern states: in north bc only have schools ran by women
* Horace man and the push for Industrialized education 
* The first secretary of education 
* Pushing for industrialized education because he is in the north and there are factories there: basic reading and writing, arithmetics 
* Penitentiaries and asylum reform: ran by women
* Bigger cities more crimes, they create theh reform
* Create the asylums for the mentally ill, reflection of the time: it was a shame to have someone struggling with this it was created to shunned the mentally ill from their family and from society
* Separate female and men prisoners, introduce libraries to promote literacy in jail, have preachers come and talk about morality to try and reform them 
* Reforms: try and rehabilitate the people 

Differences between Black and White Abolitionists

* Slavery not discussed at the federal level with the “GAG RULE” INTRODUCED DURING JACKSON’S PRESIDENCY


* The U.S. government could not discuss or pass one law related to slavery
* William Lloyd Garrison: forms the American Antislavery Society and publishes an Anti Slavery newspaper called the Liberator (rare bc he is a white abolitionists) 
* In the paper he describes these gruesome depictions of what slavery is like; important because it spreads it to many white northerners because they don't see slavery first hand, they are living where slavery is banned 
* Called for immediate emancipation of enslaved people
* Many white abolitionists: supported the idea that the U.S. should colonize parts of Africa: the idea that enslaved people would be set free bt then have to live in the U.S. was too much for them  
* Black abolitionist did not agree with this 
* Friction between back and white abolitionists over freedom and equality: even though they want the same goal, which is to end slavery they have diff ideas
* Black abolitions: immediate emancipation of the enslaved, do not support the colonization of Africa, equal right between black and white citizens 
* White: gradual approach towards emancipation, support colonization of Africa, and they do not support equal right between black and white citizens 
* Free black people in the North: not considered citizens in the U.S., confined to low skilled jobs, lower wages, barred from promotions, barred from militias(can not own weapons), barred from voting, and early segregation 
* Still faced a lot of inequality within the north, a free state
* Richard Allen creates the African Methodist Episcopal Church: first all black church and he forms it because he cant worship wit white americans, he was not even allowed to walk in the front door 
* Abolition movement is not that popular in the North, many of them do not support it, they view Abolition movements as radical and dangerous 

William Lloyd Garrison

* Writes the Liberator


* Attacked by a boston Mob and dragged through the streets with a hanging noose around his neck in Massachusetts

Elijah P. Lovejoy

* Antislavery editor from Illinois 


* A mob is going to burn down Lovejoy;s printing office 
* Shoot an kill Lovejoy and they will drag his mutilated body through the streets of Anton, Illinois 
* FREE STATES

United States v. Amistad

* Amistad: spanish slave ship, this ship had been taking enslaved africans to part of the Caribbean but the enslaved Africans abort the Amistad they rose up and took control of the ship 


* They tried to force the sailors to get them back to Africa they ended up landing in New York, enslaved africans had been tricked by the Spanish sailors 
* When they landed in new york the enslaved africans were re enslaved
* Abolition is rallied by enslaved africans, ABOLITION VICTORY
* Supreme court: ruled that the enslaved Africans must be set free 
* John Quincy Adams argued on behalf of the enslaved africans and won

Angelina and Sarah Grimké

* Daughters of slave owners 


* Leave the south and will give these speaking tours across the north-informing the public the horrors of slavery and what it was like in the south
* Many men did not want to go to lectures, men thought it was bad that women were speaking on such serious topics like this
* Speaking out about abolition but also women’s rights 

Women’s Rights Movement Emerge

* It made women realize they were not being treated the same as men through these public speakings


* Women activists in reform movements challenge the idea of separate sphere, they are challenging that idea
* Exclusion from abolition movement shaped the women’s movement
* They saw within the movements that they were not treaty equally which is what started this up 
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton was at a anti-slavery Conference forms the Seneca Falls Convention 
* They formed a document called the ‘Declaration of Sentiments”; 

The Second Great Awakening

* Revivalism became a social trends from the early 1800s-1840s


* Theological perfectionism and Rebirth
* Criticisms for Christian Denominations
* New Christian Religions
* Joseph Smith and the Mormons
* Shakers and Mother Ann Lee
* Utopian Communities
* Oneida Community

Changing family dynamics

* Many young men they leave home early and they go live out west


* Young women choose to work in textile factories to earn money for their family 
* Republican Motherhood: mothers are instilling the ideas of liberty and independence so of course the kids would be seeking economic opportunity and go make a name for themselves because of the values of independence and liberty 
* Gender roles are a big thing at this time: separate spheres, is the idea of gender roles 
* Sphere for the men and sphere for the women 
* Men sphere: in charge, voting, making money for family going out and working, behave well mannered, tough, manly, masculine, grow beards-filling out societal obligations 
* Women sphere: raising kids, cooking, cleaning, well mannered, quiet, soft spoken, not too strong willed, no sharing opinion, had to be delicate, they had to act like ladies
* CLEAR DEFINED GENDER ROLES 
* Rural women vs Urban women 
* Urban women: more time to look after their kids because their husbands make more money so they do not have to worry so much about money and work outside the home 
* Rural women: help husbands do the farm work 
* Birth rates declining during the Jacksonian America
* Birth Control, practice of remedying “female irrigation”-women being pregnant, abortions and they were pretty common 
* Men did not have a say and they were not involved in this so abortions were common-no laws at first against abortions, it was expected to happen before it was referred to as “quickening” meaning the women could feel the baby kicking and moving inside them 
* Obscenity laws and changing opinions: more laws aiming and targeting to get rid of abortions
* Obscenity laws: ban any type of advertisements about birth control or abortions
* Total ban on abortion then come after these laws \n

AME Churches

Richard Allen creates the African Methodist Episcopal Church. This was first all black church and he forms it because he cant worship with white Americans, he was not even allowed to walk in the front door.