Organic Chemistry - QCE Unit 4

Halo-alkanes

Haloalkanes are organic compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) in place of one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule. They are also known as alkyl halides and are commonly used as solvents, refrigerants, and in the production of plastics and pharmaceuticals.

Alcohols

Alcohols are a class of organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. They are characterized by their ability to form hydrogen bonds, which gives them unique physical and chemical properties. Alcohols are commonly used as solvents, fuels, and in the production of various chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Amine

Amines are organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl or aryl groups. They are considered derivatives of ammonia, where one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic substituents. Amines can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. They are important in biological systems and are used in the production of many pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other chemicals.

IUPAC naming system for Halo-alkanes

The IUPAC naming system for haloalkanes involves identifying the longest carbon chain containing the halogen atom and numbering the chain to give the halogen atom the lowest possible number. The halogen is then named as a prefix (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-) followed by the name of the alkane chain. If there are multiple halogens, they are named in alphabetical order and their positions are indicated by the appropriate numbers.

IUPAC Naming system for Alcohols

The IUPAC naming system for alcohols involves identifying the longest carbon chain containing the hydroxyl group and naming it as the parent chain. The suffix "-ol" is added to the name of the parent chain to indicate that it is an alcohol. The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by a number, with the lowest possible number being assigned to the carbon atom that is directly bonded to the hydroxyl group. If there are multiple hydroxyl groups, the prefixes "di-", "tri-", etc. are used to indicate the number of groups present.

IUPAC Naming system for amines

In the IUPAC naming system for amines, the parent chain is the longest continuous carbon chain that includes the nitrogen atom. The suffix "-amine" is added to the name of the alkane chain with the nitrogen atom replacing one of the carbon atoms. If there are multiple amine groups, the prefix "di-" or "tri-" is added before the parent chain name, and the nitrogen atoms are numbered to indicate their position on the chain. If there are other functional groups present, they are named using the appropriate suffix or prefix and their position on the chain is indicated by a number.

aldehydes

Aldehydes are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (-CHO) at the end of a carbon chain. They are commonly used in the production of plastics, dyes, and solvents. Some examples of aldehydes include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde.

IUPAC naming system for aldehydes

In the IUPAC naming system for aldehydes, the parent chain is the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that includes the carbonyl group. The suffix "-al" is added to the root name of the alkane corresponding to the parent chain. The carbonyl carbon is assigned position number 1, and the chain is numbered so that the carbonyl carbon has the lowest possible number. If there are substituents present, they are named and numbered according to standard IUPAC rules.

Ketones

ketones are organic compounds that are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy. They are often detected in the urine and blood of individuals following a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet, as well as in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes. Ketones can also be used as a fuel source for the brain and other organs in the absence of glucose.

IUPAC naming system for Ketone

The IUPAC naming system for ketones involves identifying the longest carbon chain that includes the carbonyl group, naming it as a parent alkane, and adding the suffix "-one" to indicate the presence of the ketone functional group. The carbonyl carbon is assigned the lowest possible number, and substituents are named and numbered accordingly.

Nitrile

Nitrile is a type of organic compound that contains a cyano group (-C≡N) as its functional group. It is commonly used in the production of synthetic rubber and as a solvent in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Nitrile gloves are also commonly used in medical and laboratory settings as a protective barrier against harmful substances.

IUPAC naming system for Nitrile

The IUPAC naming system for nitriles involves replacing the "-e" ending of the corresponding alkane with "-onitrile". For example, CH3CH2CN is named ethanenitrile.

Carboxylic acid

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to an alkyl or aryl group. It is a type of functional group that is commonly found in many organic molecules, including fatty acids and amino acids. Carboxylic acids are known for their acidic properties, which are due to the presence of the carboxyl group. They can be synthesized through various methods, including oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols, and are used in a variety of applications, such as in the production of pharmaceuticals, polymers, and food additives.

IUPAC Naming system for Carboxylic acid

The IUPAC naming system for carboxylic acids involves identifying the longest carbon chain that contains the carboxyl group and replacing the "-e" ending of the corresponding alkane with "-oic acid". The carbon atom in the carboxyl group is assigned the number 1, and the other carbon atoms are numbered accordingly. If there are substituents present, they are named using prefixes and their positions are indicated by numbers. For example, the IUPAC name for CH3CH2CH2COOH is butanoic acid.

Ester

Esters are organic compounds formed by the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. They are commonly used in the production of fragrances, flavors, and plastics. Esters have a characteristic fruity or floral odor and are responsible for the aroma of many fruits and flowers.

IUPAC naming system for esters

The IUPAC naming system for esters involves naming the alkyl or aryl group attached to the oxygen atom first, followed by the name of the carboxylic acid with the -ic acid suffix replaced by -ate. For example, ethyl acetate is formed from ethyl alcohol and acetic acid, and its IUPAC name is ethyl ethanoate.