APP Personality Vocab 2

Modules 57-59

Carl Rogers

psychologist; humanistic approach, emphasized the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth

Abraham Maslow

psychologist; humanistic approach who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

self-actualization

according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

conditions of worth

the conditions a person feels they must meet in order to be regarded positively

self concept

a sense of one's identity and personal worth

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Paul Costa and Robert McRae

psychologists; trait theory, responsible for the Big 5

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

MMPI

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally used to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening puposes

Barnum effect

tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate

empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context

Albert Bandura

psychologist; first to propose social-cognitive approach

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

triadic reciprocality

another way of saying "reciprocal determinism"

self efficacy

Bandura's concept; a person's beliefs about his or her own abilities in a given situation; based on previous experiences

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

independent self-system

identity from individual traits

interdependent self-system

identity from belonging

humanistic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

self-transcendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Big Five

the dominant personality theory today; five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures (you should know what they are)

Conscientiousness

Big 5 trait: how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent one is

Agreeableness

Big 5 trait: how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is

Neuroticism

Big 5 trait: degree of emotional instability or stability

Openness

Big 5 Trait: willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

Extraversion

Big 5 trait: describes someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive (opposite is introversion)

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Dunning-Kruger Effect

The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Individualism

Type of culture that emphasizes the unique importance of each individual

Collectivism

type of culture which gives priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly