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Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into medial and lateral sections.

Thoracic cavity

Contains the lungs and the heart.

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains organs such as the stomach, liver, and intestines.

Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutrons

Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that move in orbits around the nucleus.

Atomic mass

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Isotope

Variations of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for ATP production in cells.

Lysosomes

Cell organelles that digest unneeded and unwanted biological molecules.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies and stores proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Has ribosomes on its surface and aids in protein modification.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Responsible for the assembly of lipids.

Enzyme

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Describes the structure of cell membranes as a mixture of various molecules.

Epithelial tissue

Covers body surfaces and lines cavities and organs.

Connective tissue

Supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs.

Muscle tissue

Responsible for the movement of the body.

Nervous tissue

Composed of neurons and supports cells, responsible for communication.

Dermis

The deepest layer of the skin containing connective tissue.

Epidermis

The most superficial layer of skin.

Stratum basale

The deepest sub-layer of the epidermis where active mitosis occurs.

Stratum granulosum

The sub-layer of the epidermis where cells begin to die.

Keratinocytes

The most abundant cell type in the epidermis, responsible for forming a protective layer.

Skeletal muscle

Striated muscle attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found in walls of hollow organs.

Cardiac muscle

Striated muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood.

Action potential

A rapid rise and fall in voltage across a cell membrane.

Hematoma

A localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels.

Fast energy source for muscle contraction.

Creatine phosphate

Energy production without oxygen, generates lactic acid.

Anaerobic respiration

Energy production using oxygen, yields more ATP.

Aerobic respiration

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response in muscles.

Excitation-contraction coupling

Supportive cells in the nervous system that assist neurons.

Neuroglia

Form the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support.

Astrocytes

Ependymal cells

Line ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Corticospinal tract

Descending motor pathway involved in voluntary movement.

Spinothalamic tract

Ascending sensory pathway that transmits pain and temperature signals.

Periosteum

A fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of all bones.

Endosteum

Membrane lining the medullary cavity of bones.

Endochondral ossification

Process of bone formation from cartilage precursors.

Neuromuscular junction

The interface between a motor neuron and muscle fiber.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse.

Olfactory nerve

Cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell.

Optic nerve

Cranial nerve responsible for vision.

Cornea

Transparent front layer of the eye, helps refract light.

Retina

Layer at the back of the eye that detects light.

Cochlea

Structure in the inner ear responsible for hearing.

Choroid plexus

Structure producing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.