Studied by 1 personScience
A broad field of inquiry that attempts to understand nature in a rational and logical manner.
Hypothesis
An idea formed from observations and experiments.
Experiment
A series of tests of a hypothesis.
Controlled experiments
Experiments that eliminate any influences or biases not being directly tested.
Theory
A hypothesis that has been supported by experiments and shown to have a high degree of confidence.
Laws
A theory with an unusually high level of confidence or an observable occurrence that appears to be always true.
Anatomy
The study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts.
Gross Anatomy
The study of body parts visible to the naked eye.
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of body parts with a microscope.
Cytology
The study of cells.
Histology
The study of tissues.
Developmental Anatomy
The study of human growth and development.
Pathological Anatomy
The study of diseased body structures.
Systemic Anatomy
The study of the body by systems.
Physiology
The science that deals with the function of living organisms; how the body works.
Organism involved
Organisational level
System function
Three Subdivision of Physiology
Metabolism
The sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell to provide energy.
International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA)
A committee that publishes universal standard anatomical terminology.
Terminologia Anatomica (TA)
A published list of gross anatomy.
Terminologia Histologica (TH)
A published list of microscopic anatomy.
Eponyms
Terms based on a person’s name.
Autopoiesis
A concept where living organisms self-organize or self-maintain.
Cell theory
any independent structure made up of one or more microscopic units are called cells in a living organism.
Metabolism
the whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provide the body with energy
Responsiveness
The ability of an organism to sense, monitor, and respond to changes.
Conductivity
The capacity of living cells to transmit electrical disturbances.
Growth
Organized increase in the size and number of cells, tissues, and organs.
Respiration
The exchange of respiratory gases between an organism and its environment.
Digestion
The breakdown of complex food products into simpler substances.
Absorption
The movement of molecules through a membrane into body fluids for transport to cells.
Secretion
The production and release of bodily substances for various functions.
Excretion
The removal of wastes from the body.
Circulation
The movement of bodily fluids from one area to another continuously.
Reproduction
The formation of new individual offspring.
Chemical Level
This level of organisation consists of the smallest unit of matter, including atoms and molecules.
Cellular Level
This level of organisation consists of the smallest structural units that exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter.
Organelle Level
This level of organisation consists of the subunits of cells that perform specific functions.
Tissue Level
This level of organisation consists of the group of cells that develop together and perform a certain function.
Organ Level
This level of organisation consists of the structures made up of different kinds of tissues performing specific functions.
System Level
The most complex level of organisational unit involving various organs performing complex functions.
Organism Level
This level of organisation where in a living thing can function independently, the highest form of level in an organism.
Atoms
smallest unit of matter, so small they are invisible.
Molecules
combination of atoms to form larger chemical groups.
Macromolecules
combination or larger and more complex molecules.
Cytoplasm
a gel-like material made of fluids, particles, and membranes; this fills the inside of the cells.
Cells
smallest and structural units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of a living matter.
Fat cells
cells that are structurally modified to permit the storage of fats.
Cardiac muscle cells
cells that able to contract with great force.
Organelles
subunit of cells which performs specific functions within it; Tiny organs that allow cells to live.
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell—which provides energy that needed by the cell.
Golgi apparatus
set of sacs that provides packaging services to the cell by storing material for future use.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
network of channels within the cell that act as highways for movement of chemicals, and acts as sites for chemical processes.
Tissue
a group of cells that all developed together from the same part of the embryo and perform a certain function.
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Four (4) Major Tissues
Epithelial Tissues
tissues that forms the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body.
Connective Tissues
tissues that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.
Muscle Tissues
tissues that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts.
Nervous Tissues
tissues that are the main component of the nervous system.
Organ
a structure made up of different kinds of tissues arranged together to perform specific functions.
Systems
the most complex of the organisational units; it involves varying numbers and kinds of organs and together, they perform complex functions in the body.
Integumentary System
body system for protection, temperature regulation, sensation
Skeletal System
body system for support, protection, movement, mineral and fat storage, blood production
Muscular System
body system for movement, posture, heat production
Nervous System
body system for control, regulation, coordination of other systems, sensation, memory
Endocrine System
body system for control and regulation of other systems, releases hormones
Cardiovascular System
body system for exchange and transport of materials
Lymphatic/Immune System
body system for immunity, fluid balance
Respiratory System
body system for gas exchange, acid-base balance
Digestive System
body system for breakdown and absorption of nutrients, eliminates waste
Urinary System
body system for excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
Reproductive System
body system for reproduction, continuity of genetic information, nurturing of offspring.
Microbiome
a set of interacting communities of bacteria and other microorganisms that inhabit the human body; microbial systems influence normal body functions
Human microbiome
the microorganisms that live in or on a particular part of the body.
Organism
a living thing that has an organized structure, can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis.
Human Body
the physical substance of the human organism, composed of living cells and extracellular materials and organized into tissues, organs, and systems.
Anatomical position
the body is in an erect, or standing, posture with the arms at the side and palms forward. It is the reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe body parts and regions.
Bilateral symmetry
the right and left sides of the body mirror images of each other. Its important feature is the balanced proportions.
Ipsilateral position
placement of a body part meaning same side.
Contralateral position
placement of a body part meaning opposite side.
Supine position
position where the body is lying face upward.
Prone position
position where the body is lying face downward.
Cavity
any hollow within the body or its organs.
Dorsal Cavity, Ventral Cavity
Two (2) Major Body Cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity
Cavity in the back part of the body.
Cranial Cavity, Spinal Cavity
Areas of Dorsal Body Cavity
Cranial Cavity
A space within the skull.
Spinal Cavity
A cavity that lies within hollow spinal canal.
Ventral Body Cavity
Cavity on the front side of the trunk.
Thoracic Cavity
A cavity located above the diaphragm, consists of mediastinum and pleural cavity.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
A cavity located below the diaphragm.
Mediastinum
mid-portion of thoracic cavity.
Pleural Cavity
entire space to the sides of the mediastinum.
Parietal Pericardium
the outer layer that's firmly attached to your fibrous pericardium.
Visceral Pericardium
the innermost layer of pericardium; it covers heart and the roots of your great vessels.
Parietal Peritoneum
the membrane lining the inside of the abdominal cavity.
Visceral Peritoneum
the membrane that covers the organs within the abdominal cavity.
Peritoneal Cavity
the space between the two membranes in the abdomen.
Axial Portion
portion of the body consists of the head, neck, and torso, or trunk.
Appendicular Portion
portion of the body consists of the upper and lower extremities and their connections to the axial portion.
Upper extremity (limb)
shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand components
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