Geography : Chapter 7 - Industries

Economic Activities

Various activities by which humans attain wealth. There are four types :-

Primary Activities

Production of basic raw materials and food eg. Agriculture and fishing, mining, forestry

Secondary Activites

Processing and Manufacturing of primary goods into finished goods, such as textiles, automobiles, and electronics.

Tertiary Activities

Services eg. Banking, Transportation

Quaternary Activities

Deal in all types of cultural and intellectual activities eg. Research, Education

Consumer Goods

Used by consumers eg. Food, Textiles

Producer Goods

Used by manufacturers to make more goods eg. Machinery, Tools and equipment.

Localisation of Industries

Depends on land, capital, raw materials, energy, govt. policies, labour, environmental clearance, transportation and market.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF RAW MATERIALS

Agro-based

Raw materials are crops eg. Sugarcane, cotton, fruits

Animal-Based

Raw materials are derived from animals, such as meat, dairy products, and wool.

Forest-Based

Raw materials obtained from forests include timber, wood products, and other forest resources.

Marine-based

Based on marine organisms eg. fish industry

Mineral-based

Use various minerals as raw materials eg. Iron and Steel

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF SIZE

Large-scale

Industries that require significant capital, workforce, and infrastructure to produce goods in large quantities, often using bulky raw materials like iron and steel.

Medium-Scale

Industries requiring less capital and labor, producing moderate quantities of goods, such as automobiles and electronics.

Small-Scale

Industries using under 5 crore capital, employing few people, producing small quantities for local or foreign markets, e.g., furniture and toys.

Cottage industries

Employ families with hereditary skills eg. handloom, handicrafts

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP

Public sector

Govt-operated industries at state, central, or local levels; typically heavy industries funded by citizen investments through shares and bonds, e.g., Steel Authority of India.

Private sector

Owned by individuals or groups using their own funds; includes small private industries and joint stock companies governed by the Companies Act, e.g., Tata and Reliance Industries

Joint sector

Industries jointly owned by private entities and the government, sharing resources and profits eg. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd., Hindustan Zinc Ltd. (Indian Govt. & Sterlite Industries Ltd.)

Cooperative Sector

Owned by cooperative societies under Cooperative Societies Act, where members pool resources and share profits.There are two types :-

Consumer Cooperatives

Kaira Milk Producers Union

Producer Cooperatives

CAPEX (Kerala State Cashew Workers Apex Industrial Cooperative Society Ltd.)