Geography Paper 2 Flashcards

What are the four sectors of economic activity?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

What’s an example of primary industry?

Farming, fishing, mining.

What’s an example of secondary industry?

Manufacturing, construction.

What’s an example of tertiary industry?

Services like healthcare, education, retail.

What is globalisation?

The process by which the world becomes more interconnected economically, culturally, and politically.

What are renewable energy sources?

Energy from sources that won’t run out, like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.

What are non-renewable energy sources?

Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas that can run out.

What is the energy gap?

The difference between a country’s energy demand and its supply.

Give one reason for rising energy demand.

Population growth, industrialisation, increased technology use.

What’s a sustainable energy strategy?

Reducing fossil fuel use, investing in renewables, and improving energy efficiency.

Name a country investing heavily in renewable energy.

Germany (solar power) or China (Three Gorges Dam hydroelectric).

What does “sectoral shift” mean?

Change over time in the balance between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary industries.

What is urbanisation?

The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

What are push factors in rural-to-urban migration?

Poverty, lack of jobs, poor services, natural disasters.

What are pull factors in rural-to-urban migration?

Better jobs, education, healthcare, housing.

Name one urban problem in developing cities.

Traffic congestion, slums, poor sanitation.

What is a sustainable city?

A city designed to have minimal environmental impact and good quality of life for residents.

Name an example of a sustainable city.

Curitiba, Brazil.

What is the CBD in urban land use?

Central Business District

What is found in the inner city?

Older housing, often redeveloped, sometimes industrial areas.

What is the rural-urban fringe?

The edge of the city where urban and rural areas meet.

How can cities reduce traffic problems?

Improve public transport, create cycle lanes, congestion charges.

What is gentrification?

The improvement of inner-city areas by middle-class people moving in.

What’s urban sprawl?

The spread of urban areas into surrounding rural land.

What is the purpose of human fieldwork?

To investigate human geography topics like quality of life, land use, or urban problems.

Name two data collection methods in human fieldwork.

Questionnaires, environmental quality surveys.

What is secondary data?

Data collected by others, like census data or maps.

How can you present fieldwork data?

Bar graphs, scatter graphs, maps, photos.

Why is it important to use a sampling method?

To make sure data represents the area fairly without bias.

What’s systematic sampling?

Collecting data at regular intervals (e.g., every 10 meters).

What’s random sampling?

Data points are chosen randomly to avoid bias.

What is a conclusion in fieldwork?

A summary of findings based on the data collected.

What is an evaluation in fieldwork?

A reflection on what went well, what didn’t, and how the investigation could improve.

Name one limitation of human fieldwork.

Small sample size, biased responses, poor weather conditions.

What is development?

The process of improving people’s quality of life.

What is GDP?

Gross Domestic Product

What is HDI?

Human Development Index

What is the development gap?

The difference in development between the world’s richest and poorest countries.

Name one barrier to development.

Debt, war, disease, poor governance.

What is aid?

Assistance given to countries in need, in money, goods, or services.

What’s the difference between bilateral and multilateral aid?

Bilateral = one country to another

What is top-down development?

Large-scale projects led by governments or big organisations.

What is bottom-up development?

Small-scale, community-led projects.

Name an example of a successful development project.

WaterAid providing clean water in rural areas.

What is sustainable development?

Development that meets current needs without harming future generations.

What is inequality?

Unequal distribution of wealth, resources, or opportunities.