A&P II Exam 2

cardiovascular system, cardiovascular physiology, vessels and circulation

components of cardiovascular system

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

mediastinum

central compartment within thoracic cavity

contents of mediastinum

heart, major blood vessels, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, nerves

orientation of apex of heart

\~ hand from midline, posterior to 5th intercostal space

orientation of base of heart

facies bodies of T6-T9 vertebrae

pericardium

sac that surrounds the heart

layers of pericardium

fibrous and serous

fibrous pericardium

outer layer of dense irregular CT

serous pericardium

simple squamous epithelium over loos CT

functions of pericardium

fixation, prevents overfilling, lubrication, protection

layers of the heart wall

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

epicardium

made up of serous pericardium, outermost

myocardium

middle, muscular layer

endocardium

innermost layer

types of heart valves

atrioventricular and semilunar

atrioventricular valves

tricuspid, bicuspid

tricuspid valce

between right atrium and right ventricle

bicuspid

between left atrium and left ventricle

semilunar valves

pulmonary semilunar, aortic semilunar

pulmonary semilunar

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

aortic semilunar

between left ventricle and aorta

chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

right atrium

receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava

right auricle

extension of right atrium

right ventricle

pumps blood into pulmonary vessels

trabeculae carnae

irregular muscle folds along the inner wall

moderator band

facilitates conduction from internodal pathway to papillary muscle

left atrium

receives blood flow from four pulmonary veins

left ventricle

pumps blood to rest of body

function of fibrous skeleton of heart

anchors heart valves, maintains valve integrity, muscular attachment points, serves as an electrical insulator

parasympathetic innervation of heart

vagus nerve

parasympathetic function of heart

decrease heart rate

sympathetic innervation of heart

T1-T4 via sympathetic trunk

sympathetic function of heart

increase heart rate and force of contraction

conduction of heart

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, purkinje fibers

p-wave

atrial depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization

T-wave

ventricular repolarization

aorta

largest artery of the body

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

pulmonary veins

deliver oxygenated blood to heart

vena cava

carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

coronary arteries

provide oxygen rich blood to heart muscle

cardiac veins

coronary sinus, great cardiac vein, small cardiac vein

desmosomes

interlocked fingers, structural connection between the cells

gap junctions

channels that allows for ionic movement

cardiac syncytium

collection of cells that operate mechanically and electrically as a single unit

phase 4

resting membrane potential

phase 0

depolarization

phase 1

repolarization

phase 2

plateau phase

ions during depolarization

sodium influx

ions during repolarizarion

potassium efflux

ions during plateau phase

calcium influx

SA node

pacemaker cellls

fibrillation

rapid, irregular heart rhythm

systole

heart contraction

diastole

heart relaxation

end-diastolic volume

amount of blood in heart during relaxation

end-systolic volume

amount of blood in heart after contraction

stroke volume

amount of blood pumped out during systole

ejection fraction

fraction of blood ejected from a full ventricle

normal EDV

\~120ml

normal ESV

\~50ml

normal stroke volume

\~70ml

normal ejection fraction

55-70%

cardiac output

amount of blood pumped per minute

typical cardiac output

\~5 liters

cardiac output formula

SV x HR

sympathetic influence on heart

release norepinephrine, increase HR, increase contraction force, increase AP frequency

parasympathetic influence on heart

vagus nerve, decrease HR, decrease AP frequency

preload

increases stroke volume

afterload

decreases stroke volume

increased plasma potassium

decreases HR

increased plasma calcium

increases HR

increased temperature

increases HR

decreased temperature

decreases HR

systolic

pressure when heart contracts

diastolic

pressure when heart relaxes

blood pressure formula

CO x TPR

short term blood pressure control

baroreceptors and adrenal catecholamines

long term blood pressure control

atrial stretch receptors, osmolarity, renal blood flow mechanism

hypertension

release fluid from vascular system

hypotension

retain fluid in the body

components of blood

plasma and cells

arteries

carry blood away from heart

veins

carry blood towards the heart

capillaries

exchange materials between blood and tissues

tunica intima

inner lining of single layered cells

tunica media

middle layer of smooth muscle

tunica adventitia

connective tissue layer

lumen

opening within a vessel

anastomosis

collateral circulation of blood

large arteries

receive direct flow of blood from the ventricles

medium muscular arteries

consists of smooth muscle, have the ability to vasoconstrict

small arteries

aid in microcirculation of capillaries

venules

smallest vein that drain capillary beds

medium veins

accompany medium arteries, have valves

large veins

well developed tunica adventitia

azygos

right sided, travels through aortic hiatus