ASCI 271 - Exam 4

work more safely and effectively, enhanced management, facilitate more rewarding interactions

why is it important to study horse behavior? (3)

behavior

the manner in which an animal reacts to stimuli

equine ethology

the scientific study of the way horses behave

cerebellum

what brain portion signifies the importance of sensory integration, body awareness, balance, movement, and coordination?

plains dweller

what did the horse primarily evolve as?

prey

are horses predator or prey?

large cats, wolves

what preys on horses? (2)

mountain terrain

where did donkeys develop?

evaluate

what does a donkey do before fleeing a situation that a horse does not?

taste

gustation is what sense?

touch

tactition is what sense?

monocular vision

seeing separate images out of each eye

binocular vision

seeing an object clearly; directly in front

directly in front of face, under head and neck, under belly, directly behind the tail

what are a horses blind spots? (4)

two

how many types of cones do horses have?

greys, blues, yellows

what 3 color types can horses generally see?

yes

do horses have good night vision?

tapetum lucidum

what eye structure allows for night vision?

point toward source of information

how do horses orient their ears?

detect sounds, determine the location of the sound, provide information to recognize the identity of sounds

what 3 primary functions does audition perform in horses?

higher, low, mid

horses tend to hear better than humans at ____ frequencies, but humans tend to hear better at ___ and ___ frequencies

smell

what sense do horses use to familiarize themselves with objects, people, surroundings, etc?

chemoreceptors

mucous membranes of the nasal passage that allow horses to detect odors

vomeronasal organ

what is located inside the horse’s nose and used to detect pheromones and other substances?

eyes, ears, nose, flank, legs

what areas are most sensitive to touch in a horse? (5)

grooming

what has been found to reduce stress after habituation to it in horses?

bitter, sweet, salt, sour

what types of flavors can horses taste? (4)

ingestive behaviors

the selection and intake of food, milk, and water at each stage throughout the horse’s lifespan

small, frequent meals

in what manner are horses designed to eat?

eliminative behavior

behavior concerned with actions and behaviors the horse does to get waste products out

waste management

what is an issue with the eliminative behavior of horses?

pastures

waste management in horses can be a concern for what?

play behavior

often characterized as actions that seem to resemble more serious behaviors, but are carried out with less serious intent and have an element of pleasure or surprise

object play, locomotor play, play fighting, sexual play

what are the 4 distinct categories of play for a horse?

caregiving or care-seeking behavior

horses not only seek out care from other horses but also give care to each other

whinny

what is characterized as an attention-seeking behavior and is displayed even in neonatal foals?

allogrooming

refers to care directed from one horse to another

mutual grooming

when care is reciprocated

rolling, scratching with hooves, scratching with teeth, rubbing on objects

what are some examples of self-care? (4)

agnostic behavior

actions related to threats, aggression, and attacks, as well as passivity and attempts to defend, escape, or avoid aggression

when it is directed at them

when is agnostic behavior a concern to owners and managers?

no

do horses always have the same social hierarchy - ie is the social hierarchy the same for feeding as it is for shelter, etc?

overfeeding

what is a concern with feeding for dominant horses?

in an open area

where should high valued resources be placed with group housed horses?

ears

what horse body part acts like equine radar, indicating where the horse is paying attention?

alert

pricked ears signal what?

tired, depressed

airplane ears (flopped out laterally, facing down) signals what? (2)

tiredness, pain

drooped ears signal what? (2)

attentiveness to rider

ears angled backward signal what?

angry, aggressive

ears pinned against the neck signal what?

frustrated, bored

horses pawing their legs signals what? (2)

mild threat

one front leg lifted signals what? (normal when eating)

defensive

back leg lifted signals what?

mild threat

stamping legs signals what?

6,000

how many years ago was the horse domesticated in Ukraine?

food source

what was the horse initially domesticated as?

bachelor bands

small groups of feral horse males that have been driven off after reaching puberty

eating, standing

feral horses tend to spend most of their time doing what, whereas individually stalled horses rationed hay spend it how?

oral, locomotor

stereotypic behaviors of the horse are grouped into what two categories?

cribbing

a horse bites onto a hard surface, arches its neck, and sucks in air; releases endorphins; oral stereotypic behavior

weaving

occurs when the horse stands by the stall door and rhythmically shifts weight back and forth on its front legs while swinging its head; locomotor stereotypic behavior

swings, amount of space

what are examples of enrichment - cage design? (2)

diet variation, hiding foods

what are examples of enrichment - feeding/foraging? (2)

habituation

what issue can arise with toys as enrichment?

new age

what type of music has shown to be the most effective in increasing the likelihood of breeding, calming animals?

do not have brain power to bond, pet trade is anti-conservation, inhumane collecting & shipping

why do most herpetologists not believe reptiles, turtles, or amphibians should be kept as companions?

education, capability to supply needs, life span, sources of the animal

what should be considered before getting a reptile as a pet? (4)

emaciated, wrinkled or raised scales, scars or sores, dull or matted eyes, wheezing sounds, oral or nasal discharge, fecal materials, jerky movement

what are some things to look for when getting a reptile? (8)

heat

what do reptiles need to digest food?

ecto

what type of parasites can go between humans and animals?

endo

what type of parasites are only between animals?

people handling snakes

50% of bites (reptiles) in the US are from what group of people?

zoonoes

diseases transferable to humans

pre-birth, hatching, young adult, adult, senior

what are the stages of behavioral development for reptiles? (5)

incubation conditions, nutritional status of the mother at laying

what 2 factors influence pre-birth behavioral development in reptiles?

hatching

what behavioral development stage are reptiles typically most aggressive in?

simulates wild behavior, enrichment, improved digestion, better nutrition

what are some benefits to using live prey with reptiles? (4)

injury

what is 1 concern when using live prey with reptiles?

multiple females, one male

what structure generally works for group housing reptiles?

biting

what is typically a last resort defense for reptiles?

ecdysis

shedding of skin

basking, conduction

what are 2 ways reptiles increase body temperatures?

Central and South America

where did llamas originate?

guanacos

what were llamas domesticated from?

packing, meat, fiber, sacrifice

what were some uses of llamas by Incans? (4)

fiber, packing, guarding, cart pulling, showing, pets, therapy, fertilizer

what are some uses of llamas today? (8)

20 to 25 years

what is the lifespan of a llama?

cria

what is a baby llama?

bigger size, long banana ears, longer muzzle, calmer disposition

what are some differences in llamas as compared to alpacas?

trust

what is required to train llamas?

protection against disease and parasites

a communal dung pile serves what purpose for llamas?

dirt

what may llamas eat if adequate minerals are not provided?

pseudoruminants

what digestion type are llamas?

hum

llama sound - closed mouth drone; used when stressed, nervous, bored, communicating between cria and dam

clicking

llama sound - used when being assertive, when a male notices an open female

alarm call

llama sound - loud up and down squeak; used when danger is near

orgling

llama sound - used by males only to stimulate the female during mating

induced

what type of ovulators are llamas?

air spitting

llamas spitting only the contents of the mouth (air, saliva, food)

green spitting

llamas regurgitating contents of the rumen to spit out