AP Psychology Unit 7

primary needs

biological needs - hungary, thirsty

secondary needs

psychological needs - social approval, sense of belonging

william james

came up with instinct theory

instinct theory

this theory believes that motivation is something you are born with, such as a mother protecting their baby

drive reduction theory

theory that we are motivated because our body is not at homeostasis and our drives kick in to tell us what we need to fix in order to maintain homeostasis

derive reduction theory of motivation

homeostasis → biological need → drive → goal directed behavior → need satisfied → back to homeostasis

arousal theory

theory that your physical environment can affect your mental arousal, and each individual has an optimum level of arousal

yerkes-dodsan law

a law that shows the relationship between motivation and performance - performance increases with arousal to a certain point

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

in order to be motivated a person should obtain these in order; physiological needs → safety needs → love needs → esteem needs → self actualization

cognitive dissonance theory

acts that does not comply with our cognition makes us motivated to change

incentive theory

stimuli → reward

intrinsic motivation

internal satisfaction

extrinsic motivation

external punishment/reward

achievement motivation

when an individual has motivation to push for mastery of a subject and will continue to achieve more significant accomplishments even when they are already successful

self-efficacy (albert bandura)

belief in their own ability in a task. four different factors; past experiences, vicarious experience, social persuasion, physiological feedback

hunger motivation

hypothalamus decides when to stop maintain body weight

lateral hypothalamus

decides to start eating

ventromedial hypothalamus

decides to stop eating

garcia effect

association of a food with a negative reaction. ex: nausea, vomit

bulimia

eat large, vomit (normal BMI)

anorexia

starve (low BMI)

sexual response cycle

initial excitement → plateu → orgasm → resolution

affiliation motivation (social)

seek friendship for human connection, not material reasons

achievement motivation (social)

desire to perform well and accomplish goals

theories of emotion - james-lange theory

emotion caused by biological changes

theories of emotion - cannon-bard theory

stimulus directly causes emotion

theories of emotion - two factor theory

physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal occur to create emotion

theories of emotion - appraisal theory

brain will evaluate a situation and determine how we should react

theories of emotion - facial feedback hypothesis

facial muscles send signals to the brain to cause emotion

eustress

beneficial stress caused by good live events

distress

detrimental stress caused by bad like events

general adaptation syndrome

hans selye - a theory of what prolonged stress does to the body. 3 stages; alarm reaction → resistance → exhaustion (can no longer adapt to the stress)

approach-approach conflict

two positive options to choose

avoidance-avoidance conflict

two negative options to choose

approach-avoidance conflict

one option with both positive and negative aspects

psychodynamic theory

individuals’ personality is shaped by unconscious mind

free association

when a word or image is shown what comes to mind

ego

the mixture of superego and id

superego

moral component of personality

id

instinct and sexual arousal

collective unconscious

a part of the unconscious mind that collectively humans have that is inherited throughout generations

mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - conscientiousness

hardworking, diligent, and responsible

mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - agreeableness

likeable and cooperative with others

mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - neuroticism

emotionally unstable and anxious

mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - openness

open to new experiences

mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - extraversion

sociable, high energy, and expressive

reciprocal determinism

personal factor ←→ behavior ←→envrionment (all effect each other)

personal inventory

a way to assess personalities that can be quantified by the subject responding to statements about themselves

psychosexual stages - oral stage

birth - 18 months → oral stimulation (chewing their hands etc)

psychosexual stages - anal stage

18 - 36 months → being able to control their bowel movements

psychosexual stages - phallic stage

3-6 years → explore their body and genitals

psychosexual stages - latency stage

6 years - puberty → individuals’ sexual feelings are hidden, their focus is on past fixations

psychosexual stages - genital stage

puberty - on → individuals get sexual pleasure from sexual behavior

defense mechanisms - repression

blocking thoughts from teh conscious

defense mechanisms - regression

returning to an earlier behavior/place/state

defense mechanisms - denial

not accepting the truth

defense mechanisms - rationalization

coming up with beneficial result from a negative event

defense mechanisms - displacement

displace feelings from the source to someone else

defense mechanisms - projection

others have the same feelings someone have towards someone (“he feels that way too”)

defense mechanisms - sublimation

redirecting the frustration to something different

defense mechanisms - reaction formation

expressing the opposite of what are feels

behaviorism

which actions were rewarded which were punished

expectanct theory

theory that we tend to react in a certain way to situations because we learned from a previous experience what happened before and expect the same result

external locus of control

when a person perceives control of their life as stemming from outside factors

internal locus of control

when a person perceives control of their life as a product of their own abilities

albert bandura

another behaviorist man

self concept

carl rogers focused on this - what aperson thinks about themselves

positive regard

when a person shows care to another person

trait theories - cordinal

really strong characteristics that effect every behavior

trait theories - central

moderately strong - influential and easily identifiable

trait theories - secondary

strong/expressed in certain situations

abraham maslow

focused on how an individuals needs shaped their personality

collectivism

a social or cultural ideology that the group is more important than the individual

individualism

a social or cultural ideology that emphasizes the individual over the group

gordon allport

was interested in describing personality in terms of behavioral patterns

hans eysneck and sybil eysneck

believed that we could look at individual personality in two ways; unstable vs stable emotions and introverted vs extroverted personality

paul costa & robert mccrae

known for the five factor personality model

objective personality test

specific answers

projective personality tests

unlimited, free response

starke hathaway

created MMPI