Studied by 5 peopleprimary needs
biological needs - hungary, thirsty
secondary needs
psychological needs - social approval, sense of belonging
william james
came up with instinct theory
instinct theory
this theory believes that motivation is something you are born with, such as a mother protecting their baby
drive reduction theory
theory that we are motivated because our body is not at homeostasis and our drives kick in to tell us what we need to fix in order to maintain homeostasis
derive reduction theory of motivation
homeostasis → biological need → drive → goal directed behavior → need satisfied → back to homeostasis
arousal theory
theory that your physical environment can affect your mental arousal, and each individual has an optimum level of arousal
yerkes-dodsan law
a law that shows the relationship between motivation and performance - performance increases with arousal to a certain point
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
in order to be motivated a person should obtain these in order; physiological needs → safety needs → love needs → esteem needs → self actualization
cognitive dissonance theory
acts that does not comply with our cognition makes us motivated to change
incentive theory
stimuli → reward
intrinsic motivation
internal satisfaction
extrinsic motivation
external punishment/reward
achievement motivation
when an individual has motivation to push for mastery of a subject and will continue to achieve more significant accomplishments even when they are already successful
self-efficacy (albert bandura)
belief in their own ability in a task. four different factors; past experiences, vicarious experience, social persuasion, physiological feedback
hunger motivation
hypothalamus decides when to stop maintain body weight
lateral hypothalamus
decides to start eating
ventromedial hypothalamus
decides to stop eating
garcia effect
association of a food with a negative reaction. ex: nausea, vomit
bulimia
eat large, vomit (normal BMI)
anorexia
starve (low BMI)
sexual response cycle
initial excitement → plateu → orgasm → resolution
affiliation motivation (social)
seek friendship for human connection, not material reasons
achievement motivation (social)
desire to perform well and accomplish goals
theories of emotion - james-lange theory
emotion caused by biological changes
theories of emotion - cannon-bard theory
stimulus directly causes emotion
theories of emotion - two factor theory
physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal occur to create emotion
theories of emotion - appraisal theory
brain will evaluate a situation and determine how we should react
theories of emotion - facial feedback hypothesis
facial muscles send signals to the brain to cause emotion
eustress
beneficial stress caused by good live events
distress
detrimental stress caused by bad like events
general adaptation syndrome
hans selye - a theory of what prolonged stress does to the body. 3 stages; alarm reaction → resistance → exhaustion (can no longer adapt to the stress)
approach-approach conflict
two positive options to choose
avoidance-avoidance conflict
two negative options to choose
approach-avoidance conflict
one option with both positive and negative aspects
psychodynamic theory
individuals’ personality is shaped by unconscious mind
free association
when a word or image is shown what comes to mind
ego
the mixture of superego and id
superego
moral component of personality
id
instinct and sexual arousal
collective unconscious
a part of the unconscious mind that collectively humans have that is inherited throughout generations
mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - conscientiousness
hardworking, diligent, and responsible
mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - agreeableness
likeable and cooperative with others
mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - neuroticism
emotionally unstable and anxious
mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - openness
open to new experiences
mcrae-costa 5 dimensions - extraversion
sociable, high energy, and expressive
reciprocal determinism
personal factor ←→ behavior ←→envrionment (all effect each other)
personal inventory
a way to assess personalities that can be quantified by the subject responding to statements about themselves
psychosexual stages - oral stage
birth - 18 months → oral stimulation (chewing their hands etc)
psychosexual stages - anal stage
18 - 36 months → being able to control their bowel movements
psychosexual stages - phallic stage
3-6 years → explore their body and genitals
psychosexual stages - latency stage
6 years - puberty → individuals’ sexual feelings are hidden, their focus is on past fixations
psychosexual stages - genital stage
puberty - on → individuals get sexual pleasure from sexual behavior
defense mechanisms - repression
blocking thoughts from teh conscious
defense mechanisms - regression
returning to an earlier behavior/place/state
defense mechanisms - denial
not accepting the truth
defense mechanisms - rationalization
coming up with beneficial result from a negative event
defense mechanisms - displacement
displace feelings from the source to someone else
defense mechanisms - projection
others have the same feelings someone have towards someone (“he feels that way too”)
defense mechanisms - sublimation
redirecting the frustration to something different
defense mechanisms - reaction formation
expressing the opposite of what are feels
behaviorism
which actions were rewarded which were punished
expectanct theory
theory that we tend to react in a certain way to situations because we learned from a previous experience what happened before and expect the same result
external locus of control
when a person perceives control of their life as stemming from outside factors
internal locus of control
when a person perceives control of their life as a product of their own abilities
albert bandura
another behaviorist man
self concept
carl rogers focused on this - what aperson thinks about themselves
positive regard
when a person shows care to another person
trait theories - cordinal
really strong characteristics that effect every behavior
trait theories - central
moderately strong - influential and easily identifiable
trait theories - secondary
strong/expressed in certain situations
abraham maslow
focused on how an individuals needs shaped their personality
collectivism
a social or cultural ideology that the group is more important than the individual
individualism
a social or cultural ideology that emphasizes the individual over the group
gordon allport
was interested in describing personality in terms of behavioral patterns
hans eysneck and sybil eysneck
believed that we could look at individual personality in two ways; unstable vs stable emotions and introverted vs extroverted personality
paul costa & robert mccrae
known for the five factor personality model
objective personality test
specific answers
projective personality tests
unlimited, free response
starke hathaway
created MMPI
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