GEPC PRELIM

Communication

is the process by which messages are transferred from a source to a receiver. (Roger & Shoe Maker)

Roger & Shoe Maker

Communication is the process by which messages are transferred from a source to a receiver. (_________________)

Communication

originated from the Latin word communis, which means 'common', suggesting that there must be a common understanding of the message between the source and the receive

Communis

Communication originated from the Latin word ____________, which means 'common', suggesting that there must be a common understanding of the message between the source and the receive

Common

Communication originated from the Latin word communis, which means '____________', suggesting that there must be a common understanding of the message between the source and the receive

• People communicate to satisfy the needs for belonging,

• People communicate to keep in touch with and connect with others

• People communicate to socialize.

• Humans can socialize because of their ability to communicate.

• People communicate to get things done

• People communicate with specific purposes in mind.

Why do we communicate?

• Verbal Communication

• Non-Verbal Communication

2 Types of Communication

Verbal Communication

is communicating using words. This includes sounds, words. language, and speaking.

Verbal Communication

It is also done through writing.

Non-verbal Communication

is the process of conveying meaning through non-word messages.

Non-Verbal Communication

A good example of _____________________ is sign language, which can be used by anyone at any time.

Sign Language

A good example of non-verbal communication is ____________ which can be used by anyone at any time.

• Sender

• Message

• Channel

• Receiver

• Encode

• Decode

• Feedback

7 Elements of the Communication Process

Sender

The person who delivers the message.

Message

The information that is communicated

Channel

The way that communications are sent.

Receiver

The one that receives the message

Encode

the process of converting thoughts into communication.

Decode

the process of turning communication into thoughts

Feedback

the response or reaction of the receiver to the sender.

Communication ethics

refers to the principles and values that guide our communication behavior.

• honesty

• respect

• fairness

• responsibility

Some key principles of communication ethics include ___________, ___________, ____________, and ________________.

• Linear Model

• Interactive Model

• Transactional Model

3 COMMUNICATION MODELS:

Linear Model

is a one-way process where the sender sends a message to the receiver without expecting feedback.

Interactive Model

a two-way process where the sender and receiver exchange messages and provide feedback.

Transactional model

The process in which people are both senders and receivers of messages at the same time.

• Aristotles Model

• Lasswells Model

• Shannon Weaver Model

• Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model

4 TYPES OF LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL:

Aristotles Model

a linear model that puts a greater emphasis on public speaking instead of interpersonal communication that other models do

Aristotles Model

Straightforward & Speaker-centered

Ethos

is about establishing credibility and trust with your audience.

Pathos

is about appealing to the emotions of your audience.

Logos

is about using logic and reason to persuade your audience.

Lasswell's Model

this model of communication attempts to understand a communication event by asking five important questions.

• Who? (Communicator)

• Says What? (Message)

• In what Channel? (Medium)

• To whom? (Receiver)

• In what Effect? (Effect)

5 Important Questions In Lasswells Model:

Effect

is the result the message leads to.

Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior

The so-called triangle of success '__________,_____________,and ______________' is often used to describe the desired effect

Shannon-Weaver Model

the first model to acknowledge the existence of noise in communication that occurs during the process of encoding, sending and decoding and could disrupt or alter a message.

Noise

This _________could refer to something like the static on a radio broadcast, but it could even include spelling errors in written communication or the receiver mishearing the message.

Berlo's S-M-C-R Model

explains communication in four steps: Source, Message, Channel, & Receiver.

Berlo's S-M-C-R Model

This model provides a thorough account of the key elements in every one of the steps that will affect the manner in which the message is communicated.

Source, Message, Channel, Receiver

Berlo's model explains communication in four steps: ________, _________, _________, & _________.

Aristotles Model

Lasswells Model

Shannon Weaver Model

Berlo's S-M-C-R Model

Assertive communication

is about expressing your needs and wants clearly and respectfully.

Aggressive communication

is about expressing your needs and wants at the expense of others.

Passive communication

is about avoiding expressing your needs and wants.

• Intrapersonal Communication

• Interpersonal Communication

• Extended Communication

• Organizational Communication

• Intercultural Communication

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXt:

Intrapersonal Communication

The Latin prefix intra- means within or inside.

Intrapersonal Communication

means talking to oneself. Some label it as inner dialogue, inner monologue, or self- or inner talk.

Within, Inside

The Latin prefix intra- means ________ or ________.

Inner Dialogue, Inner Monologue, Self-or Inner Talk

Some label Intrapersonal Communication as _______________, ______________, or __________________.

Intrapersonal Communication

Psychologists use other names for it, such as self-statement or self-verbalization.

Self-Statement, Self-Verbalization

Psychologists use other names for Intrapersonal Communication such as __________________ or _____________________.

Interpersonal Communication

As opposed to intra, the Latin prefix inter- means between, among, and together.

Interpersonal Communication

An interactive exchange takes place in ___________________________ takes place.

Between, Among, Together

As opposed to intra, the Latin prefix inter- means ___________, ____________, and _____________.

Extended communication

involves the use of electronic media

Extended Communication

may be expanded to include tele, audio, or phone conferencing; video conferencing; Skype calls; and other technological means.

Organizational Communication

With this type, the focus is on the role that communication plays in organizational contexts.

Organizational Communication

With this type, the focus is on the role of those who work for the company.

• Formal Structure

• Informal Structure

two types of organizational structure:

Formal Structure

allows communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between positions in the organization.

• downward communication

• upward communication

• horizontal communication

• crosswise communication.

Four Approaches of Formal Structure:

Downward Communication

flows from upper to lower positions, that is, from the president to a manager or supervisor or from a manager to an ordinary staff member.

Downward Communication

The communication flow is top-down or from a superior to a subordinate.

Upward Communication

is bottom-up, where subordinates communicate to their superiors/bosses.

Horizontal Communication

has a lateral approach because it takes place among people from the same level but from different departments.

Crosswise Communication/ Cross-Functional Approach

is diagonal in nature because employees from different units or departments that work at various levels communicate with each other

Informal Communication

comes from unofficial channels of message flow.

Informal Communication

Likewise known as "grapevine," messages from the different levels of the organization are conveyed.

Informal Communication

This happens because of the dissatisfaction of some employees.

Grapevine

Likewise known as "______________," messages from the different levels of the organization are conveyed.

Organizational Culture

Each organization has its own culture. This is referred to as

"______________________."

Organization

Based on its history and development, an ___________ develops its own core values, vision and mission statements, goals, and objectives.

Organizational Culture

is of utmost significance as it will dictate the kind of behavior that employees should have.

Peter Drucker

“Company cultures are like country cultures. Never try to change one. Try, instead,

to work with what you've got”

• To Inform

• To Evoke

• To Entertain

• To Argue

• To Persuade

Purposes of Communication:

Evoke

To __________ means to produce a reaction, emotion, or memory in someone or something.

• Emotional Response

• Memory Recall

• Creative Response

To evoke can be used in various contexts, such as:

To entertain

It means to engage, amuse, or pleasantly divert someone’s attention.

To Argue

It means to present reasons or evidence to support a claim, opinion, or point of view, often in a debate or discussion.

• Presenting Evidence

• Logical Reasoning

• Counterarguments

Arguing can involve:

• To persuade

• To clarify

• To challenge

• To learn

The purpose of arguing can be:

• Clear and concise language

• Respectful tone

• Evidence-based reasoning

Effective Arguing Involves:

Clear and Concise Language

using language that is easy to understand.

Respectful Tone

maintaining a respectful and open-minded tone.

Evidence-Based Reasoning

using evidence and logical reasoning to support one's argument.

To persuade

is to influence someone's thoughts, feelings, or actions by presenting a compelling argument, appeal, or reason.

• Sales and Marketing

• Public Speaking

• Negotiation

• Debate

Persuasion is a powerful tool in various contexts, Including:

• Credibility

• Emotional Appeal

• Logical Reasoning

• Storytelling

Key Elements Of Persuasion Include:

• Understanding the Audience

• Clear and Concise Communication

• Building Rapport

Effective persuasion requires:

Manuscript Speech

is a type of speech delivery where the speaker reads from a fully written script.

Scripted

The speech is written out in full, and the speaker reads from the script.

Verbatim

The speaker sticks to the script, without deviating from the written text.

Control

The speaker has complete ____________ over the words and message

• Precision

• Accuracy

• Complex Information

Advantages of Manuscript Speech:

• Lack of Spontaneity

• Limited Audience Engagement

• Difficulty with Audience Feedback

Disadvantages of Manuscript Speech:

• Formal Occasions

• Technical or Complex Information

When to use manuscript speech: