English History

Mary I

Reigned 1553-1558, attempted to restore Catholicism, persecuted Protestants

Marian Restoration

Period of Mary I's reign focused on restoring Catholicism in England

Bloody Mary

Nickname for Mary I due to her persecution of Protestant dissenters

Marriage to Philip II of Spain

Mary I's marriage to Philip II of Spain in 1554, seen as a threat to English independence

Elizabeth I

Reigned 1558-1603, pursued a moderate religious policy

Elizabethan Religious Settlement

Policy of finding a middle ground between Catholicism and Protestantism during Elizabeth I's reign

Spanish Armada

Failed naval invasion of England by the Spanish fleet during Elizabeth I's reign

Tudor dynasty

The ruling family of England during the reigns of Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I

James I

Reigned 1603-1625, commissioned the King James Version of the Bible

King James Version

English translation of the Bible sponsored by James I

Divine Right of Kings

Belief that monarchs derive their authority directly from God, supported by James I

Gunpowder Plot

Failed plot to assassinate James I and blow up the Parliament building

Oliver Cromwell

Military and political leader during the English Civil War, later became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England

English Civil War

Series of conflicts between Royalists and Parliamentarians, resulted in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy

Commonwealth

Period without a monarch following the English Civil War

Charles I

Reigned 1625-1649, executed after conflicts with Parliament

Glorious Revolution

Overthrow of James II, leading to the ascension of William III and Mary II to the throne

James II

Reigned 1685-1688, faced opposition due to his Catholicism

Mary Queen of Scots

Cousin to Elizabeth I, executed for involvement in plots against Elizabeth

Jamestown

Settlement established in 1607, supported by James I and the Virginia Company

Witch Trials

Belief in witches and persecution during the reign of James I

Colonization

Policy of establishing colonies, supported by James I through the Virginia Company