part 5

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40 Terms

1
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Who were the main leaders in the Chinese Civil War?

Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) vs. Mao Zedong (Communists)

2
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What was a key factor in the Communist victory during the Chinese Civil War?

Widespread support from the Chinese peasantry, who made up 90% of the population.

3
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What was the outcome of the Chinese Civil War?

The Communists won and renamed China the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949; the Nationalists fled to Taiwan.

4
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What title did Mao Zedong hold after the revolution?

Chairman Mao.

5
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What was the goal of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward?

To achieve rapid industrialization and agricultural collectivization to modernize China.

6
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What years did the Great Leap Forward take place?

1958-1962.

7
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What methods did Mao use during the Great Leap Forward?

Collective agriculture in communes and forced peasants to produce steel in 'backyard furnaces'.

8
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What was the impact of the Great Leap Forward?

It caused the worst famine in human history, resulting in 15-55 million deaths and significantly hurt the Chinese economy.

9
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What was the purpose of the Cultural Revolution?

To reconsolidate Mao's power and create a 'cult of personality'.

10
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When did the Cultural Revolution begin and how long did it last?

It began in 1966 and lasted about 10 years.

11
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What methods were used during the Cultural Revolution?

Purge of political opponents, use of students (the 'Red Guard') to spread Mao's message and denounce elders.

12
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What were the economic impacts of the Cultural Revolution?

It was economically damaging and resulted in at least a million deaths.

13
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When did Deng Xiaoping become the leader of China?

After Mao's death in 1976.

14
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What stance did Deng Xiaoping take on economic reform?

He was an economic reformer.

15
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What were the Four Modernizations initiated by Deng Xiaoping?

Modernizing agriculture, manufacturing, defense, and science/technology.

16
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What was one aspect of agricultural reform during Deng Xiaoping's leadership?

A quota system allowing surplus to be sold on the free market for profit.

17
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What was the One-Child Policy, and when was it implemented?

A policy to control overpopulation started in 1979, later relaxed.

18
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What was the result of Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms?

China became the second-largest economy in the world.

19
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What event occurred in Tiananmen Square in 1989?

Students protested for democracy and transparency.

20
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How did Deng Xiaoping respond to the Tiananmen Square protests?

He sent in the military, resulting in hundreds to thousands of student deaths.

21
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What was a key takeaway from Deng Xiaoping's leadership regarding political reform?

The Chinese Communist Party was not willing to politically reform and remained a one-party state.

22
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What was a significant time period for decolonization in Africa?

Primarily after World War II (post-1945).

23
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What caused decolonization in Africa?

European countries were financially strained and colonies were expensive to maintain, coupled with growing nationalism in Africa.

24
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What is Pan-Africanism?

The idea of solidarity among all people of Africa and their descendants, promoting independence.

25
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Who led Ghana to independence and when did it occur?

Kwame Nkrumah, gaining independence peacefully in 1957.

26
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Who led Kenya to independence and by what year?

Jomo Kenyatta, gaining independence by 1964.

27
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What was a post-independence issue faced by African countries?

Many remained economically dependent on former colonizers due to reliance on natural resource exports.

28
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What does apartheid mean in Afrikaans?

'Apartness' relating to the legal segregation of races in South Africa.

29
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What were the goals of apartheid in South Africa?

To maintain white supremacy and control over a 100% white-led government.

30
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What was the societal impact of apartheid on black South Africans?

They were disenfranchised, unable to vote, serve in the military, or hold political control.

31
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What was the 'Pass Laws Act'?

A law that forced black South Africans to carry passports, restricting their movement.

32
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What significant financial disparities existed under apartheid?

Immense financial, medical, and infant mortality disparities between black and white South Africans.

33
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Which resistance group fought against apartheid in South Africa?

The African National Congress (ANC), led by Nelson Mandela.

34
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What was Nelson Mandela's approach to resisting apartheid?

Non-violent civil disobedience.

35
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What significant event occurred in 1960 related to apartheid protests?

The Sharpeville Massacre, where police shot unarmed black protesters.

36
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What happened during the Soweto Uprising in 1976?

Military shot hundreds of students protesting forced Afrikaans instruction in schools.

37
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What was a major factor leading to the end of apartheid?

International pressure from global protests and the US pulling investments.

38
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When was Nelson Mandela released from prison?

In 1990 after 27 years.

39
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What was significant about the first free election in South Africa?

It allowed for universal suffrage in 1994, leading to the ANC's victory and Mandela being elected president.

40
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What was the Truth and Reconciliation Council?

A unique approach to justice where perpetrators spoke to victims’ families, potentially receiving leniency if remorseful, aimed at building a peaceful new country.