part 5

Who were the main leaders in the Chinese Civil War?

Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) vs. Mao Zedong (Communists)

What was a key factor in the Communist victory during the Chinese Civil War?

Widespread support from the Chinese peasantry, who made up 90% of the population.

What was the outcome of the Chinese Civil War?

The Communists won and renamed China the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949; the Nationalists fled to Taiwan.

What title did Mao Zedong hold after the revolution?

Chairman Mao.

What was the goal of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward?

To achieve rapid industrialization and agricultural collectivization to modernize China.

What years did the Great Leap Forward take place?

1958-1962.

What methods did Mao use during the Great Leap Forward?

Collective agriculture in communes and forced peasants to produce steel in 'backyard furnaces'.

What was the impact of the Great Leap Forward?

It caused the worst famine in human history, resulting in 15-55 million deaths and significantly hurt the Chinese economy.

What was the purpose of the Cultural Revolution?

To reconsolidate Mao's power and create a 'cult of personality'.

When did the Cultural Revolution begin and how long did it last?

It began in 1966 and lasted about 10 years.

What methods were used during the Cultural Revolution?

Purge of political opponents, use of students (the 'Red Guard') to spread Mao's message and denounce elders.

What were the economic impacts of the Cultural Revolution?

It was economically damaging and resulted in at least a million deaths.

When did Deng Xiaoping become the leader of China?

After Mao's death in 1976.

What stance did Deng Xiaoping take on economic reform?

He was an economic reformer.

What were the Four Modernizations initiated by Deng Xiaoping?

Modernizing agriculture, manufacturing, defense, and science/technology.

What was one aspect of agricultural reform during Deng Xiaoping's leadership?

A quota system allowing surplus to be sold on the free market for profit.

What was the One-Child Policy, and when was it implemented?

A policy to control overpopulation started in 1979, later relaxed.

What was the result of Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms?

China became the second-largest economy in the world.

What event occurred in Tiananmen Square in 1989?

Students protested for democracy and transparency.

How did Deng Xiaoping respond to the Tiananmen Square protests?

He sent in the military, resulting in hundreds to thousands of student deaths.

What was a key takeaway from Deng Xiaoping's leadership regarding political reform?

The Chinese Communist Party was not willing to politically reform and remained a one-party state.

What was a significant time period for decolonization in Africa?

Primarily after World War II (post-1945).

What caused decolonization in Africa?

European countries were financially strained and colonies were expensive to maintain, coupled with growing nationalism in Africa.

What is Pan-Africanism?

The idea of solidarity among all people of Africa and their descendants, promoting independence.

Who led Ghana to independence and when did it occur?

Kwame Nkrumah, gaining independence peacefully in 1957.

Who led Kenya to independence and by what year?

Jomo Kenyatta, gaining independence by 1964.

What was a post-independence issue faced by African countries?

Many remained economically dependent on former colonizers due to reliance on natural resource exports.

What does apartheid mean in Afrikaans?

'Apartness' relating to the legal segregation of races in South Africa.

What were the goals of apartheid in South Africa?

To maintain white supremacy and control over a 100% white-led government.

What was the societal impact of apartheid on black South Africans?

They were disenfranchised, unable to vote, serve in the military, or hold political control.

What was the 'Pass Laws Act'?

A law that forced black South Africans to carry passports, restricting their movement.

What significant financial disparities existed under apartheid?

Immense financial, medical, and infant mortality disparities between black and white South Africans.

Which resistance group fought against apartheid in South Africa?

The African National Congress (ANC), led by Nelson Mandela.

What was Nelson Mandela's approach to resisting apartheid?

Non-violent civil disobedience.

What significant event occurred in 1960 related to apartheid protests?

The Sharpeville Massacre, where police shot unarmed black protesters.

What happened during the Soweto Uprising in 1976?

Military shot hundreds of students protesting forced Afrikaans instruction in schools.

What was a major factor leading to the end of apartheid?

International pressure from global protests and the US pulling investments.

When was Nelson Mandela released from prison?

In 1990 after 27 years.

What was significant about the first free election in South Africa?

It allowed for universal suffrage in 1994, leading to the ANC's victory and Mandela being elected president.

What was the Truth and Reconciliation Council?

A unique approach to justice where perpetrators spoke to victims’ families, potentially receiving leniency if remorseful, aimed at building a peaceful new country.