part 5

* Communist China - Civil War & Rise of Mao Zedong

* Who? Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) vs. Mao Zedong (Communists)

* Key Factor in Communist Victory: Widespread support from the Chinese peasantry (90% of the population)

* Outcome: Communists win, rename China the People's Republic of China (established October 1, 1949). Nationalists flee to Taiwan.

* Mao Zedong's Title: Chairman Mao

* Mao Zedong's Policies - Great Leap Forward

* Goal: Rapid industrialization and agricultural collectivization to modernize China

* When: 1958-1962

* Method:

* Collective agriculture in massive communes

* Forced peasants to stop farming and produce steel in "backyard furnaces"

* Impact: Caused the worst famine in human history (15-55 million deaths) and significantly hurt the Chinese economy.

* Mao Zedong's Policies - Cultural Revolution

* Goal: Reconsolidate Mao's power and create a "cult of personality"

* When: Began 1966, lasted about 10 years.

* Method:

* Purged political opponents and those considered "old"

* Used students (the "Red Guard") to spread his message and denounce elders

* Impact: Economically damaging and resulted in at least a million deaths.

* Deng Xiaoping - Economic Reforms

* When? After Mao's death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping becomes the next leader.

* Stance: Economic reformer

* Policies (Four Modernizations):

* Agriculture: Quota system with ability to sell surplus on the free market for profit (combining capitalism with communism)

* Manufacturing: Forced manufacturing into China with cheap labor

* One-Child Policy: Implemented to control overpopulation (started 1979, later relaxed)

* Impact: Extremely successful, leading China to become the second-largest economy in the world.

* Deng Xiaoping - Political Stance & Tiananmen Square

* Stance: Not willing to politically reform

* Event: Students protested for democracy and transparency in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, in 1989.

* Response: Deng Xiaoping sent in the military, killing hundreds to thousands of students.

* Takeaway: The Chinese Communist Party is not willing to politically reform and remains a one-party state.

* Decolonization in Africa

* When? Primarily after World War II (post-1945)

* Causes: European countries were financially strained and colonies were expensive to maintain, coupled with growing nationalism in Africa.

* Key Concept: Pan-Africanism - Idea of solidarity and togetherness among all people of Africa and their descendants, promoting independence.

* Examples:

* Ghana: Led by Kwame Nkrumah, gained independence peacefully in 1957.

* Kenya: Led by Jomo Kenyatta, gained independence by 1964.

* Enduring Issue: Post-independence, African countries often remained economically dependent on former colonizers due to reliance on natural resource exports.

* Apartheid in South Africa - Overview

* When? 1948 to 1994

* Meaning: "Apartness" in Afrikaans; legal segregation of races.

* Goal: Maintain white supremacy. White South Africans (a minority) controlled a 100% white-led government.

* Disenfranchisement: Black South Africans could not vote, be in the military, or have political control.

* Apartheid in South Africa - Racist Laws & Discrepancies

* "Pass Laws Act": Forced black South Africans to carry passports, restricting travel and residence.

* Citizenship Revocation: Black South Africans' citizenship was revoked, forcing them to live in the poorest areas.

* Societal Segregation: Every aspect of society was segregated.

* Discrepancy: Immense financial, medical, and infant mortality disparities between black and white South Africans.

* Apartheid in South Africa - Resistance & Repression

* Resistance Group: African National Congress (ANC), led by Nelson Mandela.

* ANC Goal: Remove apartheid and create an equal South Africa.

* Mandela's Approach: Non-violent civil disobedience (like Gandhi).

* Mandela's Imprisonment: Arrested in 1963, imprisoned for 27 years.

* Government Repression:

* Sharpeville Massacre: Police shot black South Africans protesting pass laws in 1960.

* Soweto Uprising: Military shot hundreds of students protesting forced Afrikaans instruction in schools in 1976.

* Apartheid in South Africa - End of Apartheid

* International Pressure: Widespread global protests, US pulling investments (1980s).

* Internal Pressure: Continued ANC resistance.

* Mandela's Release: Released in 1990 after 27 years.

* First Free Election: Universal suffrage in 1994; ANC won, and Nelson Mandela was elected president. Apartheid officially ended.

* Truth and Reconciliation Council: A unique approach to justice where perpetrators spoke to victims' families, potentially receiving leniency if truly remorseful, aiming to build a peaceful new country.