Unit 2: Reformation

Erasmus

leading advocate for reform of the Church, writings critiquing the Church, and remote the Bible into difterent languages

Thomas More

renaissance man, lawyer, and devout Catholic. He wrote Utopia (imaginary island with communism)

Henry VIII

replaced the Pope, broke England from the Church, initiating the Reformation.

Martin Luther

monk, theologian, and challenged the Church, studied the Bible on his own to understand the faith, in Germany

Pope Leo X

Medici, criticized by Martin Luther, pope in power during the early stages

Johann Tetzel

granting indulgences for the Church for money

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor, suppress Reformation movement though military, Diet of worms, and large land spread across es Europe (hard to keep)

Francis I

King of France, aim to Keep religious peace, prevent the spread of Protestant ideas to keep his power

Habsburg - Valois War

Habsburgs (Austria & HRE) vs. Valois (France),
for territory in Italy, H supported the Church, V sometimes supported Protestant fractions

Pope Clement VII

sparked English reformation by refusing Henry VIII marriage with Catherine of Aragon

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman Sultan during this time, Ottoman &

Habsburg conflicts intersected religious tensions in Europe

Schmalkaldic Leauge

military alliance by Lutheran princes in the HRE, to protect against the church

Henry II

split with the Catholic Church, founded Church of England, led to English Reformation & religious battles

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss religious reformer, initiated Protestant reform in Switzerland

Anabaptists

Protestant movement advocating for adult baptisms held on personal faith

Menno Simons

Mennonites founder, believe in divine inspiration of all scripture, thought New Testament was better

Catherine of Aragon

Daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella, Henry VIII first wife due to his brother death

Anne Boleyn

reason why England broke from the church, Henry VIII 2nd wife

Cardinal Wolsey

Pope that denied Henry VIII from getting his divorced, highest position in the church & lord chancellor

Thomas Cranmer

strong advocate for Reformation, first position under Church of England

Thomas Cromwell

responsible during Reformation for establishing in England

Edward VI

wrote “Book of Common Prayer” to overtake old Catholic practices in England

Mary I

daughter of Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon, returned England to Roman Catholicism, not tolerant

Philip II

devout Catholic, ruled Spain, peak of Spain causing exploration & colonization

John Calvin

predestination, French Reformer, Calvinist

John Knox

Scotland Reformer, preacher that later took over the church to fix it

Papacy

institution and office of the pope

Bendicitine

monk/nun, follow the rules of life from St. Benedict descendent from medieval Italy

Dominicans

Catholic religious order their focus was preaching, education, and fighting heresy

The Oratory of Divine Love

Italian Catholic reform, dedicated to spiritual renewal from frequent prayer, confession, good work, living a devout Christian life without a religion order

Ignatius Loyola

Spanish nobleman/ Catholic priest who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) during the Counter- Reformation

Society of Jesus

Catholic religious group, went on to start missions, “foot soldiers”

Francis Xavier

Spanish Jesuit missionary, spread Catholicsm through Asia- India, Japan

Huguenots

French Protestants, primarily followed John Calvin, faced many persecution

Guise

powerful French family, use of force against Huguenots, prominent during the Wars of Religion

Catherine de’ Medici

powerful Italian that became Queen of France, used political influence during her sons reign, St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Henry IIi

King of France, ruled during French Wars of Religion

Henry of Navarre

King of France, ended the French Wars of religion by converting to Catholicism, granted religious tolerance to Huguenots

Henry, Duke of Guise

French Catholic leader during French Wars of Religous, apart of “War of three Henrys”

William the Silent

Dutch leader in the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, “Silent” due to his discreet and cautious political tactics

Elizabeth I

reestablished the Church of England, religious tolerant, a comprise between Catholicism and Protestantism

Mary, Queen of Scots

driven out of Scottland due to reforms, the tried many plans to kill of her cousin Elizabeth I, resulting in her beheading