IB Psychology - Sociocultural Approach

Acculturation

Acculturation

This is the process whereby people change as a result of contact with other cultures and how they assimilate into the new culture

ARRM [Place a forward slash between each word]

Attention/Retention/Reproduction/Motivation

Assimilation

The process by which individuals or groups of differing cultures are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society.

Collectivism

A culture that places emphasis on the group, achieved goals as a group and working together

Confederate

Someone in a study who knows the true aim but pretends to be a participant as part of the deception of the other participants, e.g. Asch.

Conformity

A type of social influence involving a change in belief or behaviour in order to fit in with a group.

Cultural Dimensions

Opposing cultural beliefs and values on a continuum that affects behaviour and cognition (Hofstede, 1973).

Cultural norms

The behaviour, attitudes and values that are usual in a culture and that are passed on intergenerationally through socialisation implicitly or explicitly.

Culture

"This can be defined as a dynamic system of rules, explicit and implicit, established by social groups in order to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and behaviours" - Matsumoto

Discrimination

The behaviour that is exhibited due to prejudices.

Enculturation

Process by which an individual absorbs their culture's specific schemas and traits.

Globalisation

The growing interconnectedness of economic, social and cultural networks, through trade, information technology and travel

Social Identification

Second stage of Social Identity Theory: Individuals identify with certain groups to which they would like to belong

In-group and Out-group

The groups of people we consider ourselves as part of and not part of.

Individualism

People prioritise their own individual goals instead of the group - opposite of collectivism.

Intrinsic Reinforcement

A reward driven behaviour that comes from within an individual, e.g. pride.

Long - term orientation

A type of cultural dimension in which the culture will look to the future long-term goals and benefits

Negative Reinforcement

An undesirable stimulus is introduced to encourage behaviour.

Normative influence

Conforming into group pressure because a person wants to fit in with the group

Observational Learning

Method of learning that consists of watching and copying another person's behaviour.

Positive Reinforcement

A desirable stimulus is introduced to encourage the behaviour.

Prejudice

A quick and often negative thought process about a specific individual or group

Resilience

The ability to cope with a trauma without drastically affecting mental health

Social Cognitive Theory

A theory that focuses on observational learning, and the influence of self-efficacy on the production of behaviour

Self-Efficacy

One's belief in their innate ability to succeed in specific situations or achieve goals.

Short - term Orientation

A type of cultural dimension in which the culture will look to the short-term goals and gratification.

Social Identity Theory

A theory that proposes that a person's sense of who they are depends on the groups to which the belong

Social Norms

Behaviours deemed acceptable by a group, either explicit or implicit

Social Representation

A system of values ideas and practices that serve to establish a social order (Moscovici, 1972)

Stereotypes

A fixed, over generalised belief about a particular group or class of people.

Social Categorisation

First stage of Social Identity Theory: The process of grouping people biased on their similarities or other qualities

Social Comparison

Third stage of Social Identity Theory: Comparing the in-group with the out-group and denigrating it to boost the status of the in-group

Illusory Correlation

A phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviours) even when no such relationship exists.

Stereotype Threat

This is when individuals believe that their behaviour/performance will be judged on the basis of negative stereotypes about their group instead of personal merit.