AP psych unit 1

empiricism

empiricism

idea that all knowledge comes from experience

structuralism

described by Wundt; breaks down mental processes using introspection

functionalism

described by William James; every mental state serves a purpose ex- allows us to adapt & survive

behaviorism

theory that all behaviors are determined by external stimuli in environment

people; watson, thorndike

humanistic psychology

studies how human capacity for growth as well as need for love, acceptance, and free will shape behavior

people; carl rogers, maslow

cognitive psychology

studies thought processes including perception, reasoning, interpretation, problem solving, language, and memory

people; festinger, piaget

Psychology

science of behavior and mental processes

nature nurture issue

debate whether behavior is caused by nature (innate) or nurture (environment)

evolutionary psychology

how natural selection and adaptation shape human behavior

people; darwin

behavior genetics

how much behavior is effected by genetics

culture

values, beliefs, and traditions shared by a group of people

positive psychology

focus on positive aspects to create a fulfilling life

ex; a gardender

biopsychosocial approach

combines multiple approaches; how biological, psychological, and social factors shape behavior

behavioral psychology

focuses on what can be observed; studies how conditioning and observational learning shape behavior

people; pavlov, skinner

biological psychology

studies how brain structure, neurotransmitters, hormones, and genetics shape behaviors

psychodynamic psychology

studies how unconscious thought processes and childhood shape behavior

people; freud

social cultural psychology

studies how culture and society shape human behavior

testing effect

enhancement in long term retention of info as result of taking tests (retrieving info)

SQR3

survey, question, read, recite, review

developmental psychology

studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout lifespan

educational psychology

examines learning from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives

personality psychology

study of indv characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

social psychology

study of how we think about, influence, and relate to eachother

clinical psychology

studies, asses, and treats people w psych disorders

psychiatry

deals w psych disorders; provide medical treatment & therapy to patients

willhelm wundt

• established first psych lab

• founder of structuralism

g stanley hall

• first US psych lab

• child development

• structuralist (introspection)

edward b titchener

• structuralism (introspection)

willaim james

• first psych testbook

• founder of functionalism

charles darwin

• natural selection shapes behaviors

• nature side of nature-nurture

• evolutionary approach

mary whiton calkins

• first woman APA pres

• memory researcher

• self psychology

margret floy washburn

• first woman psych phD

• the animal mind

• behaviorism

john b watson

• little albert

• classical conditioning

b.f. skinner

• rejected introspection

• positive & negative reinforcement shapes behavior

• behaviorist

sigmund freud

• psychodynamic approach

• other sexual stuff 🤦‍♀

carl rogers

• humanistic approach

• client-centered therapy

abraham maslow

• hierarchy of needs

• humanist

ivan pavlov

• pavlovs dog

• behaviorist

jean piaget

• cognitive development in children

dorthea dix

• humane treatment of institutionalized

• moral therapy

• humanitarian

hindsight bias

tendency after learning and outcome, to claim to have forseen it

“i knew it all along”

operational definition

statement of exact procedures used in study

case study

in-depth study of a single individual

naturalistic observation

observing behavior is natural environment w/o manipulating or controlling the situation

sampling bias

unrepresentative sample

ex; if researchers where trying to show chocolate is more popular than vanilla, they could sample people who they know like chocolate

population

all those in a group being studied

random sample

sample that fairly represents the population, everyone had an equal chance of being selected

correlation

measure of the extent to which two factors vary tg, how well either factors predicts the other

correlation coeffcient

statistical index of relationship between two things (-1.00 to 1.00)

variable

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

illusory correlation

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

ex; wearing special socks to a casino and winning a lot

experimental group

group given treatment

control group

group not given treatment; contrast w experimental

random assignment

assigning participants to groups by chance to minimize pre existing difference between groups

double blind procudure

both participants and experimenters are blind to whether participants have received treatment or placebo

ex; foreman & thirteen huntingtons trial

placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone

confounding variable

factor other than the factor being studied that may influence results

validity

extent to which a test measures what its supossed to

ex; survey designed to look at depression but measure anxiety is not valid

informed consent

giving participants enough info ab study to ensure whether they want to participate or not

debriefing

post experimental explanation of study including purpose and any deception

statistical significance

how likely results were obtained by chance, strong significance indicates it did not occur by chance

to determine if results occurred by chance, compare mean of control group to mean of experimental group