AP psych unit 1

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empiricism

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61 Terms

1

empiricism

idea that all knowledge comes from experience

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2

structuralism

described by Wundt; breaks down mental processes using introspection

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3

functionalism

described by William James; every mental state serves a purpose ex- allows us to adapt & survive

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4

behaviorism

theory that all behaviors are determined by external stimuli in environment

people; watson, thorndike

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5

humanistic psychology

studies how human capacity for growth as well as need for love, acceptance, and free will shape behavior

people; carl rogers, maslow

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6

cognitive psychology

studies thought processes including perception, reasoning, interpretation, problem solving, language, and memory

people; festinger, piaget

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7

Psychology

science of behavior and mental processes

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8

nature nurture issue

debate whether behavior is caused by nature (innate) or nurture (environment)

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9

evolutionary psychology

how natural selection and adaptation shape human behavior

people; darwin

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10

behavior genetics

how much behavior is effected by genetics

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11

culture

values, beliefs, and traditions shared by a group of people

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12

positive psychology

focus on positive aspects to create a fulfilling life

ex; a gardender

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13

biopsychosocial approach

combines multiple approaches; how biological, psychological, and social factors shape behavior

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14

behavioral psychology

focuses on what can be observed; studies how conditioning and observational learning shape behavior

people; pavlov, skinner

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15

biological psychology

studies how brain structure, neurotransmitters, hormones, and genetics shape behaviors

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16

psychodynamic psychology

studies how unconscious thought processes and childhood shape behavior

people; freud

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17

social cultural psychology

studies how culture and society shape human behavior

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18

testing effect

enhancement in long term retention of info as result of taking tests (retrieving info)

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19

SQR3

survey, question, read, recite, review

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20

developmental psychology

studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout lifespan

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21

educational psychology

examines learning from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives

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22

personality psychology

study of indv characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

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23

social psychology

study of how we think about, influence, and relate to eachother

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24

clinical psychology

studies, asses, and treats people w psych disorders

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25

psychiatry

deals w psych disorders; provide medical treatment & therapy to patients

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26

willhelm wundt

  • established first psych lab

  • founder of structuralism

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27

g stanley hall

  • first US psych lab

  • child development

  • structuralist (introspection)

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28

edward b titchener

  • structuralism (introspection)

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29

willaim james

  • first psych testbook

  • founder of functionalism

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30

charles darwin

  • natural selection shapes behaviors

  • nature side of nature-nurture

  • evolutionary approach

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31

mary whiton calkins

  • first woman APA pres

  • memory researcher

  • self psychology

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32

margret floy washburn

  • first woman psych phD

  • the animal mind

  • behaviorism

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33

john b watson

  • little albert

  • classical conditioning

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34

b.f. skinner

  • rejected introspection

  • positive & negative reinforcement shapes behavior

  • behaviorist

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35

sigmund freud

  • psychodynamic approach

  • other sexual stuff 🤦‍♀

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36

carl rogers

  • humanistic approach

  • client-centered therapy

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37

abraham maslow

  • hierarchy of needs

  • humanist

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38

ivan pavlov

  • pavlovs dog

  • behaviorist

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39

jean piaget

  • cognitive development in children

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40

dorthea dix

  • humane treatment of institutionalized

  • moral therapy

  • humanitarian

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41

hindsight bias

tendency after learning and outcome, to claim to have forseen it

“i knew it all along”

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42

operational definition

statement of exact procedures used in study

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43

case study

in-depth study of a single individual

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44

naturalistic observation

observing behavior is natural environment w/o manipulating or controlling the situation

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45

sampling bias

unrepresentative sample

ex; if researchers where trying to show chocolate is more popular than vanilla, they could sample people who they know like chocolate

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46

population

all those in a group being studied

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47

random sample

sample that fairly represents the population, everyone had an equal chance of being selected

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48

correlation

measure of the extent to which two factors vary tg, how well either factors predicts the other

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49

correlation coeffcient

statistical index of relationship between two things (-1.00 to 1.00)

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50

variable

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

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51

illusory correlation

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

ex; wearing special socks to a casino and winning a lot

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52

experimental group

group given treatment

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53

control group

group not given treatment; contrast w experimental

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54

random assignment

assigning participants to groups by chance to minimize pre existing difference between groups

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55

double blind procudure

both participants and experimenters are blind to whether participants have received treatment or placebo

ex; foreman & thirteen huntingtons trial

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56

placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone

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57

confounding variable

factor other than the factor being studied that may influence results

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58

validity

extent to which a test measures what its supossed to

ex; survey designed to look at depression but measure anxiety is not valid

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59

informed consent

giving participants enough info ab study to ensure whether they want to participate or not

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60

debriefing

post experimental explanation of study including purpose and any deception

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61

statistical significance

how likely results were obtained by chance, strong significance indicates it did not occur by chance

to determine if results occurred by chance, compare mean of control group to mean of experimental group

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