Medical Terminology Chapter 10: The Nervous System

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211 Terms

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caus/o
burning, burn
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cerebr/o
cerebrum, brain
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concuss/o
shaken together, violently agitated
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contus/o
bruise
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encephal/o
brain
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-esthesia
sensation, feeling
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esthet/o
feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception
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-graphy
the act of making a recording or picture
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mening/o
membranes, meninges
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myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
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neur/i, neur/o
nerve, nerve tissue
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phobia
abnormal fear
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psych/o
mind
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radicul/o
root or nerve root
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-tropic
having an affinity for
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
includes the brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord
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nerve
is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
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tract
is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
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ganglion
is a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
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innervation
means the supply of nerves to a specific body part
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plexus
is a network of intersecting spinal nerves
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Receptors
are sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation
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stimulus
is anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse
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reflex
is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body
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Neurons
are the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other
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Afferent neurons
sensory neurons that emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord
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Connecting neurons
associative neurons which link sensory and motor neurons
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Efferent neurons
motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands
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dendrites
are the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body
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axon
is a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell
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Terminal end fibers
are the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse.
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synapse
is the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ
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Neurotransmitters
are chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor
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Gial cells
provide support and protection for neurons, and their four main functions are (1) to surround neurons and hold them in place, (2) to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, (3) to insulate one neuron from another, and (4) to destroy and remove dead neurons
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myelin sheath
is the protective covering made up of girl cells
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meninges
are the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
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dura mater
is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges
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arachnoid membrane
which resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater
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pia mater
which is the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord
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cerebrospinal fluid
also known as spinal fluid, is produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum
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cerebrum
is the largest and upper most portion of the brain, consists of four lobes
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thalamus
is located below the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body
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hypothalamus
is located below the thalamus
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cerebullum
is the second-largest part of the brain
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brainstem
is the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord
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cerebral
means pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain
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cerebral cortex
which is made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures
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cerebral hemispheres
that are connected at the lower midpoint by the corpus callosum
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cerebral lobes
each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of lobes
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midbrain and pons (PONZ)
provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain
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medulla oblongata
which is located at the lowest part of the brain stem, is connected to the spinal cord
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spinal cord
is a long, fragile, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column
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cranial nerves
originate from the undersurface of the brain
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peripheral spinal nerves
are grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate
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autonomic nervous system
is organized into two divisions, one comprising sympathetic nerves and other parasympathetic nerves
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sympathetic nerves
prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles
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parasympathetic nerves
return the body to normal after a response to stress
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anesthesiologist
a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery
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anesthetist
a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician
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neurologist
A physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of disease of the nervous system.
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neurosurgeon
a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system
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psychiatrist
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
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psychologist
has a doctoral degree but is not a medical doctor
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Cephalagia
also known as a headache, is pain in the head
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migraine headache
a headache characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head
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cluster headaches
intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion
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encephalocele
also known as a craniocele, is a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull
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meningocele
the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column
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hydrocephalus
is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
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meningioma
is a common, slow-growing, and usually benign tumor of the meninges
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meningitis
an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
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cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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dementia
a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes
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vascular dementia
form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain
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encephalitis
inflammation of the brain usually caused by a viral infection such as rabies
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Reye's syndrome
potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion
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Tetanus
an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria
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Tourette syndrome
a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities
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neurodegenerative disease
also called degenerative nerve disease, is an umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons.
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Alzheimer's disease
is a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
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Parkinson's disease
is a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
is a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles
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Amnesia
is a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences
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concussion
violent shaking up or jarring of the brain
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cerebral contusion
the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull
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cranial hematoma
a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
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traumatic brain injury
a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain
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Shaken baby syndrome
the results of a child being violently shaken by someone
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Levels of Consciousness (LOC)
describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus
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conscious
is the state of being awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings
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unconscious
is the state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli, including pain
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Lethargy
is a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy
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stupor
is an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts.
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Syncope
is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain
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coma
is a profound state of profound unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech
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persistent vegetative state
a type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles
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Delirium
is an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations
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brain tumor
abnormal growth located inside the skull
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intercranial pressure
the amount of pressure inside the skull