chapter 13 patho terms

adhesive capsulitis

adhesive capsulitis

loss of range of motion in the shoulder; also called frozen shoulder

anterior cruicate ligament tear

injury to one of the stabilizing ligaments of the knee which originates on the anterior portion of the femur

bursitis

condition of inflammation of the tiny fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions and provide lubrication to decrease friction and irritation between structures such as bones, tendons, muscles, and skin

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

compression of the median nerve, causing pain or numbness in the wrist, hand, and fingers

claw toe

condition in which the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint flexes dorsally while the other joint or joints in the toe flex toward the sole

contracture

fibrosis of connective tissue which decreases the mobility of a joint

crepitation

grating sound from broken bones, or a clicking or crackling sound from joints

dislocation

displacement or separation of a bone from its normal position where it articulates with another bone

electromyography (EMG)

test used to evaluate and record the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles; used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders

fibromyalgia

chronic condition marked by pain in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and soft tissues of the body; also called fibromyositis, fibrositis and myofibrositis

fracture

condition in which a bone is broken or cracked

ganglion cyst

condition in which one or more small benign tumors filled with a thick, colorless, gelatinous substance develop over a joint or tendon, usually on the wrist or back of the hand; sometimes called a Bible cyst

gout

hereditary form of arthritis, characterized by uric acid accumulation in the joints, especially in the great toe

hallux rigidus

condition in which degenerative arthritis affects the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the base of the big toe, causing pain and stiffness

hallux valgus

condition in which the big toe is improperly aligned, pointing laterally toward the second toe and creating a large bump on the inner edge of the foot at the base of the big toe; commonly called bunion

hammertoe

condition in which the toe is bent downward at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint

herniated disc

herniation of the soft center of an intervertebral disc

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

disorder similar to adult-onset RA, with earlier onset and moresevere symptoms

kyphosis

abnormal increase in the curvature of the thoracic vertebrae, causing hunchback

lordosis

abnormal increase in the curvature of the lumbar vertebrae, causing swayback

mallet toe

condition in which the toe is bent downward at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint

medial tibial syndrome

painful condition involving tiny tears in the muscles and tendons that attach to the anterior tibia (shin); commonly called shin splints

meniscal tear

tear of one of the two C-shaped cartilage structures that serve to cushion and stabilize the knee joint, usually caused by a twisting force

muscular dystrophy (MD)

hereditary, progressive terminal disease that causes muscle atrophy and death, usually by age 20

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune motor disorder that causes progressive muscle fatigue and weakness

osteitis deformans

chronic condition in which the process of bone destruction and regrowth occurs abnormally, causing weak, fragile, enlarged, and misshapen bones; also called Paget’s disease

osteoarthritis

condition of cartilage deterioration and joint inflammation marked by pain, stiffness, and decreased ROM, most commonly affecting synovial weight-bearing joints and vertebrae; also called degenerative joint disease

osteomalacia

condition of softening and weakening of the bones; when it occurs in children, it is called rickets

osteomyelitis

acute or chronic infection within the bone, most commonly affecting the legs, arms, pelvis, and spine

osteoporosis

condition characterized by loss of bone mass throughout the skeleton

pathological fracture

breaking of diseased, weakened bone from the stress of normal everyday activities

plantar fasciitis

painful condition of the supporting structures of the arch of the foot, primarily the plantapainful condition of the supporting structures of the arch of the foot, primarily the planta

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

autoimmune arthritis that causes progressive joint pain and deformity and may affect organ system

rotator cuff tear

traumatic rip of one or more of the muscles or tendons within the rotator cuff of the shoulder

scoliosis

abnormal S-shaped lateral curvature of the vertebrae

sprain

complete or incomplete tear in the ligaments around a joint

strain

trauma to a muscle, and sometimes a tendon, due to violent contraction or excessive forcible stretching

tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon due to overuse

thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)

group of painful disorders involving compression of the nerves or vessels in the neck and arms