human bio

Hierarchy of living things

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

7 properties of life

Reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation of homeostasis, response to environment, evolutionary adaptation.

Hypothesis

A proposed testable explanation to solve a problem.

Theory

Explains an occurrence and is well supported by scientific community.

Law

Describes a natural occurrence without explaining why.

Difference between hypothesis and prediction

A hypothesis is a general explanation; a prediction is the expected outcome of testing that explanation.

Steps in the scientific method

Observation, research, hypothesis, conduct experiment, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, results, revise hypothesis.

More likely to prove or disprove a hypothesis?

More likely to disprove a hypothesis.

Importance of peer evaluation

To evaluate and double check for potential fallacious mistakes.

What is an element?

A pure substance that contains only one type of atom.

Three types of bonds

Ionic (when atoms take/give electrons), covalent (when atoms share electrons), hydrogen.

Importance of water

Water is a solvent and has a high heat capacity, stabilizing temperature.

Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic (water fearing), examples: wax, oils; Hydrophilic (water loving), examples: soap, salt.

Acid

Substance that has a lot of hydrogen ions; donates hydrogen ions in a solution.

Base

Substance that doesn't have a lot of hydrogen ions; falls low on the acidic scale.

Function of carbohydrates

Stored energy in muscles; important carbohydrate is glucose.

Function of lipids

Long-term energy storage; examples include butter.

Roles of proteins

Structure to organs and tissues, act as enzymes, transport/store nutrients; made from amino acids.

How do enzymes work?

Substrate binds the active site like a lock and key, lowering activation energy.

Denature

When a protein loses its natural structure; example: cooking an egg.

Meaning of organic in cell components

Usually composed of carbon atoms.

Structure of the plasma membrane

Complex structure made of phospholipids, proteins, hormones, fats; fluid and moveable.

Substances that pass through the plasma membrane without help

Oxygen and CO2.

Methods substances enter a cell

Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive transport, active transport.

Organelles and their functions

Plasma membrane-controls entry/exit, ribosomes-make proteins, lysosome-digest waste, mitochondria-produce ATP.

Difference between diffusion and osmosis

Osmosis is diffusion of only water; diffusion involves movement of particles.

Energy

Capacity to cause change or perform work; example: kinetic energy.

Three steps in ATP formation

Glycolysis (cytoplasm), citric acid cycle (mitochondria), oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria).

What happens to ATP formation without oxygen?

Fermentation, as the electron transport chain can't function without oxygen.

Cell cycle

Sequence of events for cell growth and division; phases: interphase (90%), mitosis (10%).

Stages of cancer

Stage 0 (early), Stage 1 (localized), Stage 2 (locally advanced), Stage 3 (late locally advanced), Stage 4 (metastasized).

Mitosis

Division of cells; phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Relationship between DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes

DNA is the blueprint, chromatin is uncoiled DNA, chromosomes are coiled structures for mitosis.

Why do cells divide?

To reproduce single-celled organisms, for growth, repair, and reproduction of sperm/egg.

Four types of tissue

Connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial.

Describe cartilage

Strong and flexible tissue that cushions and supports.

Two types of bone tissue

Compact bone and spongy bone.

Components of nervous tissue

Sends and processes information via electrical and chemical signals.

Functions of skin

First line of defense, homeostasis, sensory reception.

Layers of skin

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

Location and function of hypodermis

Underneath the dermis; functions as insulation, protection, and energy storage.

Major types of glands in the skin

Sebaceous glands (produce sebum), sweat glands.

Glands most associated with hair

Sebaceous glands (secreting sebum) and sweat glands.