human bio

Name (in order) the hierarchy of living things. Atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism-population-community-ecosystem-biosphere

3. What are the 7 properties of life? Can you name/describe them all? Reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation of homeostasis, response to environment, evolutionary adaptation

4. What are the differences between hypos, theories, and laws? A hypothesis is a proposed testable explanation to solve a problem, a theory explains and occurrence and well supported by a scientific community, a law describes a natural occurrence w/o explanation to why

5. What are the differences between hypos and predictions? A hypothesis is a general explanation vs a prediction is the expected outcome of testing that explanation

6. What are the steps in the scientific method? Observation, research, hypothesis, conduct experiment, collect and analyze, draw conclusions, results, rest hypothesis

7. Are you more likely to prove or disprove a hypothesis? More likely to disprove a hypothesis

8. How do scientists do research? Through structured and systematic process

9. What is the importance of peer evaluation? To evaluate and double check for potential fallacious mistakes

10. Why do you have to take this course? To understand the science behind human biology

11. Why should you form a study group and explain things to each other rather than studying alone? To get extra help and make sure you're on track

12. Make a friend in lecture & lab! Have a person you can text at 12:30am “Crap, is there a quiz today?


1. What is an element? Pure substance that contains only one type of atom

2. What are the three types of bonds? How are each formed? Ionic- when atoms take/give electrons, covalent-when atoms share electrons, hydrogen-

3. Explain why water is so important!!! Water is a solvent that this dissolving agent, water has a high heat capacity,

4. What does water do for the body? Stabilizes your temperature

5. Why are some substances hydrophobic and others hydrophilic? Give examples of each. hydrophobic(water fearing)ex=wax, oils hydrophilic(water loving)ex=soap, salt

6. What is an acid? A base? How do they relate to the pH scale? Something acidic means it's got a lot of hydrogen. Acids donate hydrogen ions within a solution.Base doesn't have a lot of hydrogen and falls low on the acidic scale.

7. What do carbohydrates do for us? What is arguably, the most important carb? Stored energy in muscles, give us the ability to bodily functions

8. What functions do lipids have in our body? Can you give examples? Lipids functions as long term energy storage, have twice as much energy as carbs, example is butter

9. What roles do proteins play in our body? What are they made from? Can you give examples? Structure to organs and tissues, act as enzymes that speed up chemical reaction, transport and store nutrients, they are made from amino acids, examples is collagen and keratin

10. How do enzymes work? The substrate binds the active site like a lock and key forming a complex and as a result lowers activation energy acting as a catalyst

11. What does it mean to denature? Can you give an example? When a protein loses its natural structure, example cooking and egg causes it to solidify

12. Say thank you to your enzymes. They work hard for you.


  1. What does “organic” mean when talking about components of a cell? Usually composed of carbon atoms

  2. What is the structure of the plasma membrane? Complex, made of phospholipids, proteins, hormones, fats, surface proteins are fluids and moveable

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL:

Phospholipid layer-intrinsic property of phospholipids

proteins->above/below/within

semipermeable

  1. What types of substances pass through the plasma membrane without help? Name some specific substances. Oxygen and CO2

  2. What are the methods by which substances enter a cell, and how do the various methods differ from each other?

Osmosis- diffusion of water across a membrane, moves from high concentration of lower

Facilitated diffusion- requires transports proteins

Passive transport- natural movement of molecules

Active transport- movement of particles involving ATP

  1. Can you name all the organelles and their basic functions?

Plasma membrane- controls what excites and enters the cell

Ribosomes- make/assemble proteins from amino acids

Cytosol- fluid component of cytoplasm

Lysosome- has digestive enzymes break down waste, usually in animal cells

Mitochondria- powerhouse of cell, produces ATP

Cytoskeleton- network of protein fibers giving the cell shape

Cytoplasm- gel like fluid fills the cell and holds the organelles



Golgi apparatus- modify, packages ships proteins and lipids, creates vesicles to transport materials to inside or outside of cell

Nucleus- control center of the cell

Nucleolus- located inside the nucleus produces ribosomes that make proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum- involved in protein transport, covered with ribosomes, 

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- no ribosomes, makes lipids, detoxification

  1. What are the different types of diffusion? Concentration gradient- gradual change in the solutes in a solution, passive transport- when molecules diffuse across cell membranes, facilitated diffusion- a type of passive transport, requires help from a transport protein acts as facilitator

  2. What is the difference between diffusion & osmosis?

Osmosis is a type of diffusion of only water across a membrane while diffusion is when particles move from low to high concentrations until an equilibrium is achieved

  1. How do enzymes work? Enzymes lower the activation energy in turn speeding up the reaction

  2. What is energy? What are the different types of energy? Can you give examples? Energy is the capacity to cause change or to perform work and example is kinetic energy which the energy of motion

  3. What are the three steps in ATP formation, and where in the cell does each step occur?

The three steps are glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm, citric acid cycle occurs in mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

  1. What happens to ATP formation without oxygen. Why? Fermentation because the electron transfer chain cant function without oxygen

1. What is the cell cycle? What are the phases of the cell cycle, and their relative relationship time-wise?

Sequence of events that a cell goes through to grow, prepare for division, divide into daughter cells

The phases are interphase 90%, mitotic 10% 

2. What are the stages of cancer? How does cancer spread? 

Stage 0 early form, stage 1 localized, stage 2 early locally advanced, stage 3 late locally advanced, stage 4 metastasized

Cancer spreads by invading nearby locations

3. What happens in mitosis? What are the phases of mitosis? Can you identify and label phases on a diagram? 

Mitosis is the division of cells, prophase chromosomes become visible 1st part, metaphase 2nd part chromosomes line up on metaphase, anaphase 3rd part chromosomes pull towards poles, telophase 4th part cell elongates.

4. What is the relationship between DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes? 

DNA is the molecular blueprint for life, chromatin is an uncoiled form of DNA found during interphase, chromosomes are tightly coiled structures that ensure proper distribution of DNA allowing mitosis.

5. Why do cells divide? 

Cells divide to reproduce single celled organisms, multi cell organism grow, repair/replacement of cells, sperm/egg productions

6. Cancer sucks. Tell someone you love them.


1. Name the four types of tissue.

Connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial


 2. Describe cartilage. What are its properties? 

Strong and flexible, cushions and supports

3. What are the two types of bone tissue? 

Compact bone and spongey bone

4. What are the components of nervous tissue? 

Send and process info via electrical and chemical signals

5. What are the functions of skin?

First line of defense, homeostasis, sensory reception 

6. Name the layers of skin. 

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

7. Where is the hypodermis located, and what is its function? 

Underneath the dermis and functions as insulation, protection, and energy storage

8. Name the major types of glands in the skin. Where are they each found, and what is their function? 

Sebacous glands- found in skin, produces sebum

Sweat glands- found in skin

9. What types of glands are hairs most associated with? 

Glands are most associated with secreting sebum and sebacuos or sweat glands