Infection
a condition that results when a microorganism is able to invade the body, multiply, and cause injury or disease.
Healthcare Associated Infections
apply to infections associated with healthcare delivery in any healthcare setting including home care.
Nosocomial Infection
is a Healthcare Associated Infection acquired in hospitals.
Hand Washing
is referred as the “first line of defense”.
One-minute
How long does routine hand-washing usually takes?
Hand Washing
Referred to be the single most important method for preventing the spread of infection.
Use of alcohol-based antiseptic hand cleansers
Is performed when hand washing facility is not available and hands are not visible soiled.
World Health Organization
WHO
Before touching a patient
Before a procedure
After a procedure or body fluid exposure risk
After touching a patient
After contact with objects around the patient
Five Moments for Hand Hygiene
Personal Protective Equipment
PPE stands for…
PPE
It acts as a barrier between infectious materials and your skin, and mucous membrane.
Donning
The wearing of PPE
Doffing
The removing of PPE
Downwards
Direction of hands when rinsing
Mucous Membranes
The part of the body that a face shield and respiratory protects.
Inside-out
What direction shall the sleeves of a laboratory gown be turned during doffing?
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE?
Specimens with no label or mislabeled must not be investigated first before discarding.
Centrifugation
Is a technique designed to utilize centrifugal forces which are greater than the force of gravity to speed up the sedimentation rate of particles.
Mass
Speed
Radius
Centrifugal force depends on these three variables. What are those three?
Relative Centrifugal Force
RCF
Aliquoting
To separate a portion of the whole blood, serum, plasma, or any fluid and placed in a separated tube.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE?
Always label the aliquot tube.
Plasma or Serum is the required specimen
There is no gel separator to separate the serum/plasma from the cells
Storage and stability
Three reasons why specimens need to be aliquoted.
Blue
What color of evacuated tube is needed to be centrifuged immediately?
Latent fibrin formation
Incomplete clotting results in __________ that can interfere with testing.
30-60 minutes
Required amount of time for specimen to completely clot before centrifugation.
15 minutes
Time required for centrifugation
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE?
Use bare hands to take the tubes out of the centrifuge machine.
Buffy Coat
Is the fraction of an anticoagulated blood sample that contains most of the leukocytes and thrombocytes following centrifugation.
Tourniquet
A tool used to impede venous blood flow making the veins more easily located because of the blood accumulated.
Hemoconcentration
The increase in ratio of analytes and cellular elements to plasma.
Hemolysis
The destruction of red blood cells.
1 minute
Maximum amount of time that tourniquet must be applied.
2 times
Maximum amount of times that tourniquet must be applied during venipuncture.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CLSI stands for…
3-4 inches
The distance from the site to the location a tourniquet should be applied.
Antecubital Fossa
The preferred site for venipuncture.
Median Cubital
Cephalic
Basilic
The three major veins in the antecubital fossa
Median Cubital
The first vein of choice for venipuncture
Palpation
It is the process of locating veins by sight and by touch.
Veins
These are spongy and resilient tube-like structures which are different from rigid tendons and they do not pulsate which are different from arteries.
70% isopropyl alcohol
Best choice for cleansing the site before puncture
To collect blood samples for laboratory analysis to diagnose and monitor disease
Main function of phlebotomy…?
Phlebotomist
A person who is trained to collect blood samples primarily by venipuncture or microtechniques.
Venipuncture
Most common phlebotomy procedure
Evacuated Tube System
Most common venipuncture method
Evacuated Tube System
Blood is collected directly into the evacuated tube, eliminating the need to transfer samples and minimizing the risk of exposure to biohazards.
Evacuated Tube Method
Consists of a multiple-sample needle
Multiple-sample needle
Type of needle used to puncture the rubber portion of the cap of the collection tube.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Never perform a procedure for which you have not been trained.
Rubber-sheathed needle
The part of the multiple-sample needle that is inserter on the needle holder or adapter.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
The patient’s arm should be firmly supported and extended downward in a straight line.
FALSE. You may only place the thumb 1 or 2 inches and slightly left on the insertion site.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Place the thumb 4 to 5 inches below and slightly to the left of the insertion site and the four fingers on the back of the arm.
FALSE. Entering the vein too slowly is more painful for the patient and may cause a spurt of blood to appear at the venipuncture.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Entering the vein too slowly doesn’t cause any pain towards the patient, which is why it is recommended to take your time.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
The use of tourniquet can alter some test results by increasing the ratio of cellular elements to plasma (hemoconcentration) and by causing hemolysis.
FALSE. Do not apply pressure when needle is still inside the vein for this may cause further damage.
TRUE OR FALSE:
You can apply pressure when needle is still inside the vein.
Syringe method
It is a type of venipuncture method that is preferred when collecting blood from pediatrics, elderly patients, and from the dorsal hand veins.
FALSE. You should not perform skin puncture to patients with edema, dehydration or peripheral circulation, because specimen integrity and test accuracy may be compromised.
TRUE OR FALSE:
It is recommended to perform skin puncture to patients with edema, dehydration or peripheral circulation.