Motivation and Emotion unit 1

motivational processes

what is motivation? 1 pt

a set of psychological processes that cause the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior, important for out psychological and biological survival

particularities when defining motivation? 4 pts

1. motivation is unobservable

2. motivation is a product of a person and a situation; biology and culture

3. motivation is a dynamic process that involves changes in variablity between individuals, species, and within the same individual experiencing different motivational states

4. motivational variability is evident in 1. sense of direction and 2. behavior intensity

what is a motivational state? 1 pt

dynamic and short lasting process

what is a motivational trait? 1 pt

predisposition refered to action tendancies

what is activation? 1 pt

the amount of energy required to produce a behavior traditionally associated with the activity of the ANS

can be assessed through EEG, ECG, and EMG

marks the beginning of motivated behavior BUT not all motivated behavior requires an external manifestation

what levels does activation manifest at? 3 pts

1. electrocortical

2. autonomic/physiological

3. motor

types of activation? 2 pts

1. energetic arousal- approach system for the things we life; regulated by circadian rhythms (fatigue←→energy)

2. tense arousal- avoidance system for danger that is real or imagined; emergency system (calm←→anxiety)

activation vs direction? 5 pts

1. direction suggests that behavior has a purpose guiding it towards achieving a specific goal/outcome

2. direction is more relevant when more than one response option is present

3. direction is a factor in predicting particular behaviors

4. direction may be more important because activation will always be maintained to some extent as long as we are alive

5. direction allows us to understand why we shift from one activity to another

what is achievement expectation? 1 pt

how realistic/attractive the goal is

1. the further the goal the lower the efforts

2. the greater the reward the higher the efforts

dynamic and changes depending on personal and environmental factors

what is goal attractiveness? 1 pt

how rewarding the goal is and can change over time especially in the presence of a more attractive/obtainable goal

dynamic and changes depending on personal and environmental factors

what is intrisic motivation? 1 pt

the inherent propensity to engage one’s interests, exercise capacities, and seek out and master optimal challenges emerging from the psychological needs and innate strivings for growth

what is extrinsic motivation? 1 pt

motivation arising from environmental incentives and consequences rather than interest and is environmentally created to initiate or persuade an action

what are the benefits of intrinsic motivation? 4 pts

1. conceptual understanding- allows for the intergration of information in a flexible and conceptual way

2. optimal functioning and well-being- pursuing intrinsic goals is associated with greater self-actualisation, self-esteem, and less anxiety or depression

3. persistence- increases the persistence involved in the pursuit of a desired goal

4. creativity- extrinsic motivation can undermine creativity as focus shifts from the task to acquiring the reward

what is an extrinsic reward? 1 pt

something offered by one individual in exchange for something else from another and the primary effect is to promote compliance

what is an extrinsic punishment? 1 pt

something that follows behavior as a punishment rather than as an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished; punishing factor is not derived from the behavior iteself but is rather imposed externally

side effects of extrinsic rewards? 3 pts

1. intirinsic motivation is undermined (hidden cost of reward)

2. interferes with the quality and process of learning

3. interferes with the capacity for autonomous self-regulation

side effects of extrinsic punishments? 2 pts

1. impairs the relationship between the punisher and punished

2. models a negative way to deal with undesirable behaviors in others

what stages are involved in the motivational process? 7 pts

1. stimulus

2. perception

3. assessment

4. decision making/choice of goal (possibility of change)

5. motivated behavior

6. verification of results

7. causal attribution (possibility of change)

at what stages of the motivational process can change occur? 2 pts

1. decision making/choice of goal

2. causal attribution

motivational process: stimulus apparition

1. external or internal (desire)

2. absent or present

3. conscious or unconscious

motivational process: perception of the stimuli

A. conscious:

1. external stimulus- individual wants to obtain what caught their attention

2. internal stimulus- individual perceptions of unpleasant sensations they want to remove

B. unconscious:

1. external stimuli

2. internal stimuli

motivational process: evaluation and assessment

1. evaluation- individual analyses the features of the goal; difficulties and resources to acquire it

2. assessment- individual assigns a specific level of satisfaction to different goals

motivational process: decision-making/goal selection

1. goal value- high or low

2. expectation of success- high or low

3. need- pushes the individual to perform the behavior regardless of the circumstances

includes the possibility of change

motivational process: motivated/instrumental behavior

1. appetitive phase- contains all the necessary steps to achieve this goal and varies amongst individuals

2. consummatory phase- involves the movements that allow the individual to obtain the goal once achieved (e.g. reflexes) and is identical to amongst individuals resulting in the completion of the behavioral sequence

motivational process: results verification

individual compares the desired goal to the achieved goal:

1. if the desired and achieved goal are closer- the goal seems achievable and persistence is increased

2. if the desired and achieved goal are farther apart- adjustments need to be made to the motivated behavior

motivational process: causal attribution

regardless of whether the goal gets closer or not the individual will still consider the reasons for their results

what is a need? 1 pt

a condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being

what is drive? 1 pt

the conscious manifestation of an underlying unconscious biological need and is a physiological term with motivational properties e.g. appetite underlies hunger

what is homeostasis? 1 pt

the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable environment and is linked to stress

what is negative feedback? 1 pt

refers to the physiological stop system of homeostasis; homeostasis begins behavior and the negative feedback stops it