Week 9

When processing and editing RNA there are

different types of RNA interacting

What gets transcribed?

A large transcript of messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced from DNA during transcription.

What is the first step

Methylation, happens, a methyl bases gets added to the sequence

cleavage happens when

some regions are not needed

after cleavage are the subunit functional or non functional?

functional

There are__ biding sites within the subunit

3

What happens in the A site

TRNA binds to the next amino acid site

What happens in the P site

What is translation

The process of converting an mRNA message into an amino acid sequence

Translation has 4 stages

tRNA charging

imitation

elongation

termination

How does a hairpin loop form

Complimentary bases that self pair

What happens independently from the translation process, and where does it happen

TRNA charging , take place in the cytoplasm

The Aminocacyl-tRNA syntheses have a___stem

Amino acid acceptor

Aminocacly- tRNA syntheses is___ expensive

Energy

Once tRNA are charged what happens

they go to ribosomes to start translation

tRNA’s in the mitochondria are

made there and stay there

what does charging mean

A tRNA accepting the correct amino acid

The initiation process in translation: what is the shine-daigarno sequence?

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial mRNA that aligns the mRNA with the ribosome, facilitating the initiation of translation.

what is a start codon

Meythline, AUG

In Eukaryotes are there concern sequences for initiation

No, the 5’ cap is important for how the ribosome will line up on the mRNA

What is a cap binding complex

The cap binding complex is a protein complex that recognizes and binds to the 5' cap of eukaryotic mRNA, playing a critical role in translation initiation by facilitating ribosome attachment.

It is always gonna be a___

methionine as the initiator tRNA

In elongation, the ribosome spits out__

the uncharged tRNA then forms peptide bonds.

The P site always starts at

the initiator site

Peptidyl transferase

will carry out peptide bonds

What are the stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

The stop codons do not have what attached to them?

A charged tRNA and Amino acid

What does elongation factor TU do?

It delivers charged tRNA to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Why is it important for genes to regulate

Maintain homeostasis and ensure proper cellular function, allowing for adaptation to changing environments.

How do e.coli survive in dynamic environments

Through gene regulation

What are regulatory proteins

that control gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and influencing transcription.

Regulatory genes are

regulatory proteins that are going to be expressed

What are regulatory elements

DNA sequences that regulate the expression of nearby genes, often by serving as binding sites for regulatory proteins. like (5’ UTR)

What is a motif

a conserved sequence pattern in DNA or proteins that is associated with a specific function, such as binding sites for regulatory proteins.

What do the Domains do

They are focused on the shared function

What motifs do regulatory proteins share