tablet

what are the advantages of tablet

-oral route is safe and convenient administration
-chemical and physical stability over liquid
Variable dosage strengths

■ Convenient to handle, therefore, better

patient compliance

■ Low price (compared to capsules)

■ Broad range of release patterns immediate, delayed, controlled, etc.

■ Masking of bitter taste (by coating)

■ Easy identification

■ Can be scored

what disadvantages do tablets have

Powders and granules are not always
compressible.

■ Cannot be prepared extemporaneously

■ Difficulty in swallowing

■ Bioavailability problem with poorly

water-soluble drugs

■ Problem with drugs causing local
irritation or other harmful effects to the
GI mucosa

■ Hard to adjust dose if not scored

what tablet rapidly dissolve in saliva, bypass 1st pass, water soluble, can be crush

oral/fast dissolving

what tablet is easy to swallow, can crush

caplet

what tablet rapidly disperse in water with effervescences, good palatability, in water it releases CO2, reaction between acid and carbonate

Effervescent

what tablet disintegrate in mouth by chewing, can crush, does not dissolve, may not be water soluble

chewable

what tablet is drug release for prolonged period dosing frequency

sustained release

what is the easiest way to make sustain release tablet

use film coat

what tablet is "absorption of drug from oral mucosa", water soluble

buccal/sublingual

what tablet is protection API from stomach acid . release drug in upper intestines, stay intact in stomach, if eat food can take longer

enteric coating

what tablet is improve aesthetic appeal, protective sensitive API, can crush

film coated

what tablet is

not much used now, mask unpleasant taste and odor of API, can crush

what tablet is two incompatible API. different release rate for one API

multilayer

what tablets are multilayered?

controlled release
immediate release

what tablet has minimum ingredient, dissolved in stomach for absorption across intestine, best for compounding

conventional

what tablet are generally single compressed tablets?

uncoated tablets

what are drug example of single compressed tablet

aspirin, tylenol

what tablet is Utilized to dispense drugs not compatible with each other and To provide drug release in stages

multiple compressed tablets

what are examples of multiple compressed tablets

Ambien CR, Equagesic

t/f for compressed tablet as time increases concentration decreases

true

what tablet are coated after compression?

sugar coated, film coated, enteric coated

Compressed tablets which are coated with several successive thin layers of Color or uncolored sugars

what tablet

sugar coated

what drug is quickly dissolved because its coating is water soluble

sugar coated tablets

what are the advantages of sugar coated tablets

– Protect against degradation from air, humidity etc.

– Mask the bitter taste or bad smell

– Prevent unwanted contact with the drug

– Enhance appearance and elegance

what are the disadvantages of sugar coating

Increase in tablet size, weight and shipping cost

– Tedious manufacturing with specialized expertise required

– May not be appropriate for diabetic patients

what tablet disadvantage is increase in tablet size

sugar coating

what tablet requires specialized experitise

sugar coating

Compressed tablets coated with thin layer of water soluble/insoluble polymers designed to rupture or dissolve in GIT as needed

what tablet

film coated

what tablet has a thin layer of water soluble or insoluble polymers

film coated

what determines if an film coated tablets can be compouunded

its water soluble/insoluble polymer coat

what are the advantages of film coating

All advantages of sugar coated tablets plus

– More durable and less bulky than sugar coated tablets

– Less time consuming and less expensive than sugar coating

– May alter dissolution profile of the drug

what is more durable and less time consuming compared to sugar coating

film coating

Compressed tablets designed to deliver drugs to the intestine without degradation in the stomach

what tablet

enteric coat

what tablet passes unchanged throught the stomach

enteric coat

when should an enteric coat be used

when drug is unstable in low pH gastric environment

where does enteric coat dissolve and at what pH

intestines
pH 5-7

what tablet delays release of the drug to prevent irritation in gastric mucosa

enteric coat

why should enteric coat be use

– Prevent excessive irritation of the gastric mucosa caused by irritation (KCl) or nauseating drugs (emetine)

– Prevent inactivation by gastric juice

– To delay release of the drug

– Deliver the active ingredients in optimum concentration for local action in the GIT.

what are examples of enteric coating

ducolax, ecotrin

what tablets are used in oral cavirty

buccal/sublingual tablets

Placed between the cheek and gum in the mouth for absorption through the
oral mucosa.

what tablet

buccal

what tablet is designed not to disintegrate but to erose or dossolve slowly over 15-30 minute

buccal tablet

t/d buccal tablet disintegrate in the mouth

false

These tablets are intended to provide oral absorption of drugs that are destroyed by the gastric juice and/or are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Enable oral absorption of drugs otherwise not absorbed via GIT

what tablet

buccal tablet
sublingual

Placed beneath the tongue in the mouth for absorption of drug through the
oral mucosa.

designed to dissolve promptly and provide rapid drug
effects.

what tablet

sublingual tablet

Disc-shaped solid dosage forms containing a medicinal agent and generally a
Flavoring substance in a hard candy or sugar base
what is it

lozenges or troches

what effect in the mouth is intended for lozenges

localized

Not designed to disintegrate in the mouth and are intended to dissolve or erode slowly
over a period of about 30 minutes

what drug/tablet

lozenges or troches

Intended to dissolve on a patients tongue rather than swallowed.

orally dissolving tablets (odts)

Should dissolve in

orally dissolving tablets (odts)

The tablet must dissolve fast along with having a pleasant taste and
mouthfeel.

orally dissolving tablets (odts)

what are the advantages of odts

Ease of administration, Pleasant taste and availability of
several flavors

what tablet is Disintegrate quickly in the saliva and produces pleasantly cool and sweet taste

chewable tablet

examples of chewable tablet

pepcid
rolaids
antacid

Compressed granular effervescent salt that releases gas (carbon dioxide) when in contact with water

Efflorescence tablet

what combination is used for efflorescence tablets?

Generally, a combination of alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates with tartaric or citric acid

what tablet has a increase dissolution rate becuas eof its combination

Efflorescence tablets

examples of efflorescents

alkaseltzer, aspirin

Small molded or compressed tablets containing small amounts of potent drugs
what tablet

tablet triturates

what tablet is readily and completly soluble inwater

tablet triturate

what diluents are used in tablet triturates

sucrose and lactose

Minimum pressure exerted during compression

■ Mainly used in compounding

what tablet

tablet triturates

describe drug release from tablets

intact tablet
disintegration into granules
daggregation into primary drug particles
drug dissolution
drug in solution in GI fluid
absorption
drug in blood

what causes better dissolution

smaller particle size

drug absorption happens into the systemic circulation mostly by

portal vein

One or more non-therapeutic agents, known as tablet additives

excipients

t/f exipients are preferably NON-hygroscopic

t

excipient selection

Nontoxic and approved by FDA or the regulatory agencies of that particular countries where the products are exported

■ Commercially available

■ Acceptably low cost

■ Physiologically inert (inactive)

■ Physically and chemically stable

■ Preferably non-hygroscopic -cant absorb moisture
■ Good compactability

■ No unacceptable taste

■ Color compatible

■ No deleterious effect on drug bioavailability

what causes more bioavailabilty/ more absorption

smaller size/particles, more surface area

what is GRAS

list of safe excipients

what are bulking agents or fillers

diluents

What do dilutent prefer? bound water or unbound water

bound water

what is added to the foumulation to make a resonably sized tablet

dilutent

Extra precaution during diluent selection for

moisture sensitive drug molecules

Play a very important role in determining biopharmaceutical and physical properties of the tablet such as

– Hardness, Disintegration

– Dissolution and drug release

dilutents

Tablets made with same API behave differently when made with different diluents

t/f

true

commonly used dilutent types

directly compressible
inorganic salts
sucrose bases

Also known as “Adhesives”

binders

Added to tablet formulation to add cohesiveness to powders, thereby
providing the necessary bonding to form granules, which under compaction form tablets

binders

Selected on the basis of compatibility and cohesiveness

binders

example of binders

Natural gum and starches
Synthetic cellulose derivatives

Materials that facilitate tablet break-up after administration

Disintegrants

Draw water into the tablet by pores leading to swelling and finally rupture the tablet

Disintegrants

May act by (i) bursting open the tablet; or (ii) promoting rapid movement of water into the tablet

Disintegrants

Commonly used disintegrants

Starch derivatives

Reduce friction between materials during tablet manufacturing

Lubricating Agents

Enhance the flow of the materials into tablet dies by preventing material
from sticking to the punches & dies

Lubricating Agents

are lubricating agents GENERALLY water soluble or insoluble

water insoluble

what Reduces the rate of tablet disintegration and dissolution

Lubricating Agents

Prevent sticking to the punch and die wall
More prominent in tablets with scoring or embossing

Anti-adherents

All water insoluble lubricants

Anti-adherents:

Improve flow properties of the tablet granules by reducing particle friction

glidant

Minimize the tendency of granules to separate or segregate to excessive
vibrations

glidant

Mixture at a ratio of --- provides the best effervescent effect

1:2

Tartaric acid easily

crumble to form fine powder, when tartaric acid is used
alone, the granules lose their firmness and crumble, chalky friable granules are
produced,

forms a sticky mass, when citric acid is used alone, the
Granules become sticky, to difficult to granulate.

Citric acid

are usually used in a ratio of 1:2 to prepare good granules.

Citric and tartaric acid

Three methods
of tablet manufacturing

Wet Granulation

– Dry Granulation

– Direct Compression

are more common forms of extemporaneously compounded
solid dosage forms

Capsule, powder

list 3 Extemporaneously tablets (known as molded tablets)

Tablet triturates

– Dispensing tablets

– Hypodermic tablets