Studied by 16 people
Stable government, urbanized population, global trade empire, abundant natural resources
Britain became the leader in the Industrial Revolution because of these factors:
Industrial Revolution
a term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late 18th century
Textiles/cloth
The primary product of Britain’s economy was:
Industrialization
During this period, the cottage industry of production was phased in favor of:
Spinning Jenny
a single, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765
Water Frame
a spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill - a factory
Textiles
Britain’s economy drastically grew from their monopoly on industrialized production of:
Power Loom
mechanized and standardized the production of textiles; invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, and began to fill factories after 1800
Foundling homes
Cheap, expendable labor was supplied from:
Wood
By the 1740s, this resource was no longer prevalent enough to sustain the demand for energy:
Steam Engine
a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Wat’s more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769
Coal
Britain turned to this resource for energy due to its abundancy and efficiency:
Iron
New advances in technology regarding energy resulted in the mass production and availability of this valuable resource:
Railroads
The development of _____ in the early 1800s revolutionized transportation of goods and stimulated growth of the working class
Rocket
the name given to George Stephenson’s effective passenger locomotive that was first tested in 1829
Crystal Palace
the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron
Thomas Malthus
English economist who theorized that population growth grew exponentially, while food supply grew linearly, implying eventual mass famine in “Essay on the Principle of Population" in 1798
Iron Law of Wages
theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level
Very few outside England could understand their machines, and Britain kept in the scientists
Britain became so technologically advanced that:
Western European
_____ countries began to catch up Britain after peace was brought in 1815:
Growth-Oriented Government
practice of large government investment into industrialization to advance a country
Tariff Protection
a government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products
Industrialization
Economic nationalism and corporations became essentially in:
Workhouses
English institutions to house and feed the poor, but with horrendous working conditions and arduous labor
Luddites
group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work
Friedrich Engels
published “The Condition of the Working Class in England” in 1844, a blistering indictment of the middle class and opposing industrial capitalism for the rampant poverty it caused
Family units
Workers often came to factories and mines in _____ , reminiscent of the old customs of the cottage industry:
Robert Owen
experimented with socialist societies, and claimed that giving workers proper conditions and amenities and not employing children would be more beneficial in the industrial world
Factory Acts
english laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements
Separate Sphere
a gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner
Factory Acts
The _____ broke of traditional family units in labor, with more and more children receiving some sort of education
Domestic Service
The second largest occupation, with 90% of whom were women:
Mines Act of 1842
English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten
Class Consciousness
awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes
Combination Acts
British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans; bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824
Chartist Movement
a peaceful, working class movement for all males to gain the right to vote
Proletariat
workers or working-class people
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes
1834 Poor Law
established workhouses, housing and feeding the urban poor, but with horrendous conditions and arduous labor
Iron Acts of 1863
Sadler Committee Reports
an investigation into the horrendous working conditions of workers in factories
Ashley Mines Commission
testimonies of arduous labor and the physical/sexual violence occurring in industrial mines
Note 
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