BIO 230 Quiz 1-3 and Slides

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

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a. Golgi apparatus

b. endoplasmic reticulum

c. mitochondrion

d. lysosome

C. mitochondrion

a membrane bound structure used for storage

vacuole

Evolution

the framework in which the modern study of biology happens

The modern synthesis unites

the fields of genetics and evolution

the principles of evolution can

be explained in terms of inheritance

DNA

the genetic material and its structure helps to explain both genetics and evolution.

Identify the shared characteristics of the natural sciences

Natural science are different fields of science that relates to the physical world and its phenomena and processes.

Summarize the steps of the scientific method

Observation, Question, hypothesis that answers a question, Prediction based on the hypothesis, Do an experiment to test the prediction, Analyze the results

Order

class division in the taxonomic classification system

Sensitivity or Response to Stimuli

organisms respond to diverse stimuli

Reproduction

the production of offspring

Growth and development

consistent growth and development controlled by DNA

Regulation

maintaining homeostasis

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Energy processing

the use of chemical energy to power an organism's activities and chemical reactions

Describe the levels of organization among living things

organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

PROPERTIES OF LIFE (7)

Order
Sensitivity or response to stimuli
Reproduction
Growth and development
Regulation
Homeostasis
Energy processing

ORDER

A toad represents a highly organized structure consisting of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. (credit: "Ivengo"/Wikimedia Commons)

RESPONSE TO STIMULI

The leaves of this sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) will instantly droop and fold when touched. After a few minutes, the plant returns to normal. (credit: Alex Lomas)

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (10)

Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs and organ systems
Organisms, populations, and communities
Ecosystems
biosphere

BIOLOGICAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE

This phylogenetic tree was constructed by microbiologist Carl Woese using data obtained from sequencing ribosomal RNA genes. The tree shows the separation of living organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, single-celled organisms lacking intracellular organelles. (credit: Eric Gaba; NASA Astrobiology Institute)

The modern synthesis of genetics and evolution

Principles came together in the DNA molecule.
Properties and functions of DNA can explain both evolution and genetics

Modern synthesis

Evolution is a change in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next

Evolution by natural selection

The process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce.

Mendel

Father of genetics

Mendel's laws of heredity (2)

1. Law of segregation
2. law of independent assortment

Cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

The double helix

Shape of DNA

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

DNA -\> RNA -\> Protein

Evolution (Darwin) (2)

1. Variation
2. Natural Selection

Heredity (Mendel) (2)

1. Law of segregation
2. Law of independent assortment

Covalent Bond (2)

1. Non-Polar covalent
2. Polar Covalent

Special Properties of water make life possible (4)

1. Versatility as solvent
2. Temperature moderation
3. Less dense as a solid
4. Cohesion and adhesion (and capillary action)

How are the structure and chemical properties of a water molecule related to the special physical properties water exhibits? (4)

1. Ability to moderate temperature
2. Expansion upon freezing
3. Solvation (solvent of life)
4. Adhesion and cohesion

Hydration Shell

solute surrounded by water molecules

Solvation Properties (3)

1. Hydrophilic
2. Hydrophobic
3. Amphiphilic (amphipathic)

Tetrahedral shape

When carbon forms single bonds with other atoms

Planar or flat shape

When two carbon atoms form a double bond

Single bonds (ethane)

able to rotate

Double bonds (ethane)

cannot rotate, so the atoms on either side are locked in place.

Carbon

can form five-and six membered rings. Single or double bonds may connect the carbons in the ring, and nitrogen may be substituted for carbon.

Molecules that have the same number and type of atoms arranged differently are called isomers. (3)

1. Structural isomers have a different covalent arrangement of atoms.

2. Geometric isomers have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond.

3. Enantiomers are mirror images of each other.

Cis

Space filling

Trans

Fatty acid

Enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

Hydrogen bonds

connect two strands of DNA together to create the double-helix structure.

Hexoses

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

Structural isomers

they have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but a different atom arrangement.

Monosaccharides

Five and six carbon

Fructose and ribose

also form rings, although they form five-membered rings as opposed to the six-membered ring of glucose.

Sucrose

forms when a glucose monomer and a fructose monomer join in a dehydration reaction to form a glycosidic bond. In the process, a water molecule is lost. By convention, the carbon atoms in a monosaccharide are numbered from the terminal carbon closest to the carbonyl group. In sucrose, a glycosidic linkage forms between carbon 1 in glucose and carbon 2 in fructose.

Starch

polymer of alpha glucose linked 1,4

amylose

Unbranched glucose monomer chains comprise amylose by α 1-4 glycosidic linkages.

amylopectin

Branched glucose monomer chains comprise amylopectin by α 1-4 and α 1-6 glycosidic linkages

Glycogen granules

extensively branches

Cellulose

Polymer of beta glucose linked 1,4

Glycosylation

contributes to specificity of molecular interactions glycoproteins and glycolipids

proteoglycan network

important components of the extracellular matrix

Stearic acid

common saturated fatty acid

oleic acid

common unsaturated fatty acid

Saturated fatty acids

have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only.

Unsaturated fatty acid

have one or more double bonds. Each double bond may be in a cis or trans configuration. In the cis configuration, both hydrogens are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain. In the trans configuration, the hydrogens are on opposite sides. A cis double bond causes a kink in the chain.

Alpha-linolenic acid

It has three cis double bonds and, as a result, a curved shape

Lipids

comprise waxy coverings on some leaves

phospholipid

a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. Adding a charged or polar chemical group may modify the phosphate.

phospholipid bilayer

the major component of all cellular membranes

The hydrophilic head

groups of the phospholipids face the aqueous solution.

The hydrophobic tails

are sequestered in the middle of the bilayer.

Cholesterol

Versatile lipid in animals

How does cholesterol work? (3)

1. incorporates into phospholipid bilayers to regulate the rigidity of biological membranes
2. precursor for bile acids, which aid in the digestion of fats
3. precursor for steroid hormones

Steroids

Hormones made from cholesterol

Synthetic steroids

many medicinal uses

Amino acids

have a central asymmetric carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group) are attached.

Peptide bond formation

a dehydration synthesis reaction. The carboxyl group of one amino acid is linked to the incoming amino acid's amino group. In the process, it releases a water molecule.

Bovine serum insulin

a protein hormone comprised of two peptide chains, A (21 amino acids long) and B (30 amino acids long). In each chain, three-letter abbreviations that represent the amino acids' names in the order they are present indicate primary structure. The amino acid cysteine (cys) has a sulfhydryl (SH) group as a side chain. Two sulfhydryl groups can react in the presence of oxygen to form a disulfide (S-S) bond. Two disulfide bonds connect the A and B chains together, and a third helps the A chain fold into the correct shape. Note that all disulfide bonds are the same length, but we have drawn them different sizes for clarity.

Native DNA

an antiparallel double helix.

The phosphate backbone

On the outside

Bases of DNA

on the inside

A ribosome has two parts:

a large subunit and a small subunit. The mRNA sits in between the two subunits. A tRNA molecule recognizes a codon on the mRNA, binds to it by complementary base pairing, and adds the correct amino acid to the growing peptide chain.

All life on earth is

descended from a common ancestor

All prokaryotes

chromosomal DNA localized in a nucleoid, ribosomes, a cell membrane, and a cell wall. The other structures shown are present in some, but not all, bacteria.

Animal cell

Plant cell

Nucleus

stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the nucleoplasm.

chromatin

chromosomes

Mitrocondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Endosymbiosis

a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within another

endomembrane system

Protein Processing, Trafficking, and Secretion

cytoskeleton

A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

extracellular matrix consists of

a network of proteins and carbohydrates.

plasmodesma

a channel between two adjacent plant cells' cell walls. Plasmodesmata allow materials to pass from one plant cell's cytoplasm to an adjacent cell's cytoplasm.

gap junction

a protein-lined pore that allows water and small molecules to pass between adjacent animal cells.

Tight junctions

form watertight connections between adjacent animal cells. Proteins create tight junction adherence

desmosome

a very strong spot weld between cells. It is created by the linkage of cadherins and intermediate filaments

the element with an atomic number of 12 is

Mg