DISEASE DILEMAS EXAMPLES
0.0(0)
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
FlashcardsCard Sorting
1/105
Earn XP
Description and Tags
106 Terms
1
New cards
CHOLERA AFRICA 2023
* agency said emergency for children, saying worse outbreak to hit the region in years enfolding in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Somalia
* In Malawi and Mozambique there has been recent flooding following devasting effects of cyclone Freddie which fuelled spread of water-borne disease.
* It was estimated in Feb that 1 billion in 43 countries are at risk.
CAUSES:
1. many are experiencing natural disasters such as cyclones (Mozambique, Malawi), flooding (Pakistan, Nigeria), and drought (countries in the Horn of Africa)
2. The upcoming rainy/cyclone season, which is predicted to be severe, has the potential to spread the disease across Southern Africa.
3. droughts leading to cholera due to poor access to water, marginalization of refugees and nomadic populations, and expansion of informal urban settlements.
4. nine are experiencing conflict or political violence in affected areas
5. Several countries with cholera outbreaks are also responding to multiple other disease outbreaks including dengue and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
* In Malawi and Mozambique there has been recent flooding following devasting effects of cyclone Freddie which fuelled spread of water-borne disease.
* It was estimated in Feb that 1 billion in 43 countries are at risk.
CAUSES:
1. many are experiencing natural disasters such as cyclones (Mozambique, Malawi), flooding (Pakistan, Nigeria), and drought (countries in the Horn of Africa)
2. The upcoming rainy/cyclone season, which is predicted to be severe, has the potential to spread the disease across Southern Africa.
3. droughts leading to cholera due to poor access to water, marginalization of refugees and nomadic populations, and expansion of informal urban settlements.
4. nine are experiencing conflict or political violence in affected areas
5. Several countries with cholera outbreaks are also responding to multiple other disease outbreaks including dengue and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
2
New cards
CYCLONG YAKU PERU
* outbreak of vector-borne disease in Peru there has been 22,841 cases of infectious disease such as malaria.
* Care Peru lunched campaign aiming to help Peru after heavy rainfall
* Care Peru lunched campaign aiming to help Peru after heavy rainfall
3
New cards
MEASLES South Africa
* measles outbreaks declared in eight provinces mainly in the north vaccine coverage estimated 86%
* floods in seven provinces has render sections of the population inaccessible during ongoing measles vaccination campaign
* floods in seven provinces has render sections of the population inaccessible during ongoing measles vaccination campaign
4
New cards
DENGUE SPREAD US
* geographical expansion of cases beyond the historical areas of transmission in the Region of the Americas
* There have been 2.8 million dengue cases reported in the Americas in 2022, which represents over a two-fold increase when compared to the 1.2 million cases reported in 2021.
* New areas a problem as may not be aware of warning signs and may be immunologically naïve
* There have been 2.8 million dengue cases reported in the Americas in 2022, which represents over a two-fold increase when compared to the 1.2 million cases reported in 2021.
* New areas a problem as may not be aware of warning signs and may be immunologically naïve
5
New cards
YELLOW FEVER AFRICA 2023
From 1 January 2021 to 7 December 2022, a total of 203 confirmed and 252 probable cases with 40 deaths (Case Fatality Ratio 9%)
Risk factors for further yellow fever spread and amplification include:
* low population immunity
* population movements
* viral transmission dynamics
* climate and environmental factors that have contributed to the spread of Aedes mosquitoes.
* Recent Reactive Vaccination Campaigns increase population immunity and may have contributed to reducing the risk of yellow fever spread in targeted countries, resulting in a gradual downward trend in reported confirmed cases in 2022
Risk factors for further yellow fever spread and amplification include:
* low population immunity
* population movements
* viral transmission dynamics
* climate and environmental factors that have contributed to the spread of Aedes mosquitoes.
* Recent Reactive Vaccination Campaigns increase population immunity and may have contributed to reducing the risk of yellow fever spread in targeted countries, resulting in a gradual downward trend in reported confirmed cases in 2022
6
New cards
NON COMMUNICABLE
* kill 41 million people each year 74% of all deaths globally – tobacco, excess salt intake, alcohol, insufficient physical activity, threatens progress towards the 2030 agenda for sustainable development
* poverty closely linked with NCDs the rapid rise is predicted to impede poverty reduction inativies in low-income countries, particularly by increasing household costs associated with health care
* Vulnerable and socially disadvantaged people get sicker and die sooner than people of higher social positions
* healthcare cost for NCDs treatment drain households incomes. Vital to invest in better management screening, detecting and treating.
* poverty closely linked with NCDs the rapid rise is predicted to impede poverty reduction inativies in low-income countries, particularly by increasing household costs associated with health care
* Vulnerable and socially disadvantaged people get sicker and die sooner than people of higher social positions
* healthcare cost for NCDs treatment drain households incomes. Vital to invest in better management screening, detecting and treating.
7
New cards
DIABETES
* number rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014
* prevalence has being rising more rapidly in low and middle income counties than high income counties, between 2000-2019 3% mortality rates.
* A healthy diet, regular sport, avoiding tobacco prevent type 2 diabetes. Treated through medication and regular screening.
* prevalence has being rising more rapidly in low and middle income counties than high income counties, between 2000-2019 3% mortality rates.
* A healthy diet, regular sport, avoiding tobacco prevent type 2 diabetes. Treated through medication and regular screening.
8
New cards
Red Cross HAITI
* 47,790 people have received safe, adequate and durable recovery, shelter and settlement assistance;
* 770 households have been reached with multi-purpose cash grants for livelihoods and basic needs;
* 4,280 households have been reached with WASH support during the emergency phase (water, hygiene kits,
menstrual hygiene kits and hygiene promotion);
* 287 girls, boys, women, and men have been reached by Sexual and Gender-based Violence – Prevention of
Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SGBV-PSEA) messages; and
* 770 households have been reached with multi-purpose cash grants for livelihoods and basic needs;
* 4,280 households have been reached with WASH support during the emergency phase (water, hygiene kits,
menstrual hygiene kits and hygiene promotion);
* 287 girls, boys, women, and men have been reached by Sexual and Gender-based Violence – Prevention of
Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SGBV-PSEA) messages; and
9
New cards
HIV DEPENDS ON WHERE YOU LIVE
* killed over 2 minion people and 33.2 million live with AIDs
* in 2007 22.5 million in sub-Saharan africa
* drugs to reduce spread
* AIDS in australia public funds to combat the spread maintained low rates compared to US and France 1.5 per 100,000 in Australia compared to 15 in US
* the Australian response to HIV/AIDS national and provincial govenremtn and ptolcial leaders partnership with researches put forward a range of polices such as education programmes, free universal HIV testing, safer sexual practices, strong research capacity
* HIV/AIDS in Botswana second highest prevalence in the world 23.9%of population life expectancy fell from 65 years to 40 years in 2005 initial response was to focus on screening blood, extended in 1997 to include education and active effort made to reach out to people who had previously been excluded in outreach programmes - early schemes lacked coherence widespread denial
* in 2007 22.5 million in sub-Saharan africa
* drugs to reduce spread
* AIDS in australia public funds to combat the spread maintained low rates compared to US and France 1.5 per 100,000 in Australia compared to 15 in US
* the Australian response to HIV/AIDS national and provincial govenremtn and ptolcial leaders partnership with researches put forward a range of polices such as education programmes, free universal HIV testing, safer sexual practices, strong research capacity
* HIV/AIDS in Botswana second highest prevalence in the world 23.9%of population life expectancy fell from 65 years to 40 years in 2005 initial response was to focus on screening blood, extended in 1997 to include education and active effort made to reach out to people who had previously been excluded in outreach programmes - early schemes lacked coherence widespread denial
10
New cards
MALARIA
* 40% population at risk
* 1 million die annually
* 80% of cases in sub-saharan Africa
* anopheles mosquitoes
* temps above 20 degrees
* deltas valleys
* densely populated fertile farming lands
* incomes 33% below those without it
* medical costs
* public health spending in some accounts for 40%
* loss of productivity cost 160 billion Africa past 35 years
* reduction in investment see as high risk perception
* lack of continuity of education
* growing substance corps rather than cash corps
* solutions drug treamtemtn, controlling vector, killing mosquitos larval
* 1 million die annually
* 80% of cases in sub-saharan Africa
* anopheles mosquitoes
* temps above 20 degrees
* deltas valleys
* densely populated fertile farming lands
* incomes 33% below those without it
* medical costs
* public health spending in some accounts for 40%
* loss of productivity cost 160 billion Africa past 35 years
* reduction in investment see as high risk perception
* lack of continuity of education
* growing substance corps rather than cash corps
* solutions drug treamtemtn, controlling vector, killing mosquitos larval
11
New cards
SCHISTOSOMIAS
* 200 million people worldwide
* 1/2 school age
* 170 million in afirca
* 20,000 deaths annually
* fresh water conditions (dams, irrigation)
* tropical cliamte
* lack of sanitation
* provision of better santioan, envoiemrntal controls, awareness e.g irrigation problems
* 1/2 school age
* 170 million in afirca
* 20,000 deaths annually
* fresh water conditions (dams, irrigation)
* tropical cliamte
* lack of sanitation
* provision of better santioan, envoiemrntal controls, awareness e.g irrigation problems
12
New cards
LEPROSY: SUCCESS
* chronic bacertial
* curable due to work
* WHO 1981, recommended rug theory easily administered in blister packs
* 14 million cured as a result
* 1991 elicited as public health problem
* disease rate dropped from 21 per 10,000 to 1 per 10,000
* curable due to work
* WHO 1981, recommended rug theory easily administered in blister packs
* 14 million cured as a result
* 1991 elicited as public health problem
* disease rate dropped from 21 per 10,000 to 1 per 10,000
13
New cards
KENYA
* high level fo debt cannot invest in healthcare
* ligations relies on creative medicine rather then addressing underlying causes
* in long term education etc. would be cheaper
* HIV major problem 7.4% of population
* ligations relies on creative medicine rather then addressing underlying causes
* in long term education etc. would be cheaper
* HIV major problem 7.4% of population
14
New cards
PAKISTAN AND MATERNAL HEALTH
* girls marry young several pregnancies
* lack of care in pregnancy and during birth can be obstructed labour
* caesarean may be needed but poor infascurature in rural areas can delay this meaning baby usually died
* fistulas problem 150,000 women only 800 get treatment
* high prevalence due to lack of trained medical personnel, low education and birth when too young
* lack of care in pregnancy and during birth can be obstructed labour
* caesarean may be needed but poor infascurature in rural areas can delay this meaning baby usually died
* fistulas problem 150,000 women only 800 get treatment
* high prevalence due to lack of trained medical personnel, low education and birth when too young
15
New cards
CHINA REGIONAL
* uneven wealth distribution
* health 3x worse in rural areas
* rural isolated poor transport infradsucutre few hospitals
* measles 6x higher in the poor western regions than welathers eastern region
* health 3x worse in rural areas
* rural isolated poor transport infradsucutre few hospitals
* measles 6x higher in the poor western regions than welathers eastern region
16
New cards
DEVELOPMENT
* 23% of deaths in EDCs communicable but in LIDCs 55%
17
New cards
CLIMATE CHANGE
* The added pressure of climate change will worsen this b*urden and pose challenging questions for public and global health.*
* *Urban populations are particularly vulnerable to climate change effects, especially heat waves and heat stroke.* The 2003 heat waves in Europe resulted in up to 70,000 excess deaths, largely due to respiratory and cardiovascular causes.
* *Rising temperatures will affect the geographical range and seasonality of mosquito and other vector transmission of diseases like malaria.* Models accepted by senior researchers predict that as many as 260–320 million more people could be affected by malaria by 2080, as a consequence of new transmission zones.
* *dengue is another vector-borne disease that is sensitive to the climate* By 2080 approximately 6 billion people will be at risk of contracting dengue.
* *Water-borne diseases such as cholera and leptospirosis may increase due to a rise in ocean temperatures.* It is likely that disease outbreaks will occur after severe disruptions in water levels in communities, based on the experiences after Hurricane Mitch in Central America in 1998. The rise of ocean temperatures produces plankton blooms that provide nutrients for vibrio cholerae, the bacteria that causes cholera in humans.
* *Urban populations are particularly vulnerable to climate change effects, especially heat waves and heat stroke.* The 2003 heat waves in Europe resulted in up to 70,000 excess deaths, largely due to respiratory and cardiovascular causes.
* *Rising temperatures will affect the geographical range and seasonality of mosquito and other vector transmission of diseases like malaria.* Models accepted by senior researchers predict that as many as 260–320 million more people could be affected by malaria by 2080, as a consequence of new transmission zones.
* *dengue is another vector-borne disease that is sensitive to the climate* By 2080 approximately 6 billion people will be at risk of contracting dengue.
* *Water-borne diseases such as cholera and leptospirosis may increase due to a rise in ocean temperatures.* It is likely that disease outbreaks will occur after severe disruptions in water levels in communities, based on the experiences after Hurricane Mitch in Central America in 1998. The rise of ocean temperatures produces plankton blooms that provide nutrients for vibrio cholerae, the bacteria that causes cholera in humans.
18
New cards
THUSANANGA NGO
* small community-based NGO, in that it has a focused but multi-disciplinary agenda which operates principally in its local region.
* a home for AIDS orphans
* by tackling one issue, Thusananga found itself drawn into a tangled web of problems withinits community, and has sensibly diversified its programme in order to address this.
However, as seen in the case study above, such NGOs are still limited by their lack of resources.
* The communities in which they are based are typically very poor, and so they must rely heavily upon foreign aid and charities in order to function effectively.
* Indeed, Thusananga is lucky to have a British citizen directly involved with the project, as this opens up funding opportunities which would not normally be available to other local NGOs.
* Whilst Thusananga serves as a potent example of what it is possible for a community-based NGO to achieve, it must be remembered that there is a great variety between NGOs, their particular circumstances and what are they able to achieve.
* a home for AIDS orphans
* by tackling one issue, Thusananga found itself drawn into a tangled web of problems withinits community, and has sensibly diversified its programme in order to address this.
However, as seen in the case study above, such NGOs are still limited by their lack of resources.
* The communities in which they are based are typically very poor, and so they must rely heavily upon foreign aid and charities in order to function effectively.
* Indeed, Thusananga is lucky to have a British citizen directly involved with the project, as this opens up funding opportunities which would not normally be available to other local NGOs.
* Whilst Thusananga serves as a potent example of what it is possible for a community-based NGO to achieve, it must be remembered that there is a great variety between NGOs, their particular circumstances and what are they able to achieve.
19
New cards
CVD IN INDIA
* 1/3 of women in urban areas such as Kampala and 25% of rural women for sweet foods, combined with rapidly rising more affluent middle class wanting globally branded fast food resulting in 50m diabetes suffers
* CVD now the larges single cause of death in both urban and rural areas pushing India through epidemiological transition
* pizzas marketed as affordable incentive to attend primary schools
* obesity rising int he country
* CVD now the larges single cause of death in both urban and rural areas pushing India through epidemiological transition
* pizzas marketed as affordable incentive to attend primary schools
* obesity rising int he country
20
New cards
CVD IN UGUNDA
* 25% of rural women overweight
* while malathion persist donors report rise often villagers attending clinics suffering hypertension and diabetes
* 33% of health budget from international donors and priorities where HIV/AIDS
* while malathion persist donors report rise often villagers attending clinics suffering hypertension and diabetes
* 33% of health budget from international donors and priorities where HIV/AIDS
21
New cards
VACCINE FOR MALARIA
* WHO recommending
* feasible to deliver
* reaching the unreached improve equity in access to malaria prenveiotn
* strong safety rifle 2.3 million doses of the vaccine administered
* no negative impact on uptake of bednets
* highly cost effective
* feasible to deliver
* reaching the unreached improve equity in access to malaria prenveiotn
* strong safety rifle 2.3 million doses of the vaccine administered
* no negative impact on uptake of bednets
* highly cost effective
22
New cards
MALARIA OUTBREAK ETHIOPIA..
* linked to invasive mosquito from Asia
* stephensi lays eggs in water
* complicate efforts to reduce malaria
* less immunity?
* stephensi lays eggs in water
* complicate efforts to reduce malaria
* less immunity?
23
New cards
Africa highways where the spread of HIV is just one truck stop away
\-
24
New cards
eradicating disease
* eradicating malrai - gates foundation 1 trillion by 2040
* since 2000 measles deaths fallen by 75%
* some have been eradicated small pox and close with police and guinea worm
* targets should include eradicating malaria
* many argue eradication is now worth it instead large vaccination is enough - but it is as disease can bounce back malaria 1960s poetical attention waned and mosquitos became resistant to insecticides
* genetically modifying insects to resistant to pathogens
* since 2000 measles deaths fallen by 75%
* some have been eradicated small pox and close with police and guinea worm
* targets should include eradicating malaria
* many argue eradication is now worth it instead large vaccination is enough - but it is as disease can bounce back malaria 1960s poetical attention waned and mosquitos became resistant to insecticides
* genetically modifying insects to resistant to pathogens
25
New cards
zoonotic diseases
* ebola spread by bats - tropical Africa the numb with greater disease spread by bats
26
New cards
diabites is no longer a rich world disease
* 2015 5m die from diarist more than from AIDS malrai TB combined
* 1/2 among younger people under 60
* often under estimated
* number of people with diabetes doubled since 1995
* 12% of health spending on diabetes globally
* type 2 accounts for 90% of cases in Acs
* type 1 also rising by 3% a year
* 1/2 among younger people under 60
* often under estimated
* number of people with diabetes doubled since 1995
* 12% of health spending on diabetes globally
* type 2 accounts for 90% of cases in Acs
* type 1 also rising by 3% a year
27
New cards
el nino - zoonotic disease
* el nino timpratue rises in el non years
* leads to food shortage for bats in eastern austral
* habitat is loss has pushed bats into areas occupied by humans and livestock
* pushing virus from bats to livestocks in food shortages
* climate change changing habitats more like for zoonotic diseases to spread
* leads to food shortage for bats in eastern austral
* habitat is loss has pushed bats into areas occupied by humans and livestock
* pushing virus from bats to livestocks in food shortages
* climate change changing habitats more like for zoonotic diseases to spread
28
New cards
infectious disease
spread by pathogens such as bacteria viruses, aprasties, fungi. Most spread from one person to another e.g., Covid 19 and Malaria
29
New cards
communicable disease
an infectious disease transmissible by direct contact with an affected inidivudal or the individuals discharges or by indirect means
30
New cards
non communicable
not passed from person to person
31
New cards
epidemic
often sudden increase of a disease what is normally expected in that population
32
New cards
endemic
a disease which exists permenatley in a geographical area or popautlion groups e.g sleeping sickness to rural areas of sub sharan Africa
33
New cards
pandemic
* an extensive epidemic more widespread effecting many countries or continents
34
New cards
HIV
* infectious and contagious disease
* 2020 38 million infected
* mainly concentrated in sub-saharan Africa
* South Africa and Nigeria have the largest number of cases
* in Lesotho 1/4 carries the disease
* COVID prioristed
* children most vulnerable -100,000 die a year
* 2020 38 million infected
* mainly concentrated in sub-saharan Africa
* South Africa and Nigeria have the largest number of cases
* in Lesotho 1/4 carries the disease
* COVID prioristed
* children most vulnerable -100,000 die a year
35
New cards
TB
* TB bacterial only spreading after prolonged exposure
* many do not have symptoms
* infectious
* contagious and communicable
* largest number of new TB cases in Who south-east Asian region 46% followed by WHO African region 23% of new cases
* many do not have symptoms
* infectious
* contagious and communicable
* largest number of new TB cases in Who south-east Asian region 46% followed by WHO African region 23% of new cases
36
New cards
Diabetes
* non communicable deficney in insulin
* disease afflict nearly 400 million and responsible for 4.2 million deaths annually
* widespread in al countries but stonefly in east and South Asia
* disease afflict nearly 400 million and responsible for 4.2 million deaths annually
* widespread in al countries but stonefly in east and South Asia
37
New cards
malaria
* Africa biggest proproiaton of deaths 602,000 (dropped from 840,000 in 2000)
* mostly deaths are of children
* disease of poverty
* zoonotic disease
* 3.2 billion at risk in 97 countries
* mostly deaths are of children
* disease of poverty
* zoonotic disease
* 3.2 billion at risk in 97 countries
38
New cards
CVDs
* CVD general condition for affecting the heart or blood vessels
* linked with tobacco consumption, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity inversely related to income
* main causes of death in the Uk
* prevented by leading health lifystel
* incidense stepeply rise with age so cause of death in Acs ageing populations
* men more likely to develop the disease early then women
* however if you standardised by age the highs mortally rates found in Russia, sub-sharan Africa and Arabian peninsula
* responsible for 17 million deaths a year with 80% in low and middle income counties
* linked with tobacco consumption, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity inversely related to income
* main causes of death in the Uk
* prevented by leading health lifystel
* incidense stepeply rise with age so cause of death in Acs ageing populations
* men more likely to develop the disease early then women
* however if you standardised by age the highs mortally rates found in Russia, sub-sharan Africa and Arabian peninsula
* responsible for 17 million deaths a year with 80% in low and middle income counties
39
New cards
expansion diffusion
disease has a source and spread outwards into new areas
swine flue in Mexico
swine flue in Mexico
40
New cards
relocation diffusion
a disease leaves the area of origin and moves into new areas
e.g cholera Haiti and HIV in South Africa along lorry routes
e.g cholera Haiti and HIV in South Africa along lorry routes
41
New cards
contagious diffusion
spread of disease through direct contact with a carrier
e.g Ebola in 2014-15 in West Africa
e.g Ebola in 2014-15 in West Africa
42
New cards
hierarchal diffusion
spread through an ordered sequence of place usually form the largest centres with the highest connectivity to smaller more isolate centres spread through gourds of people along transport etc.
e.g COVID
e.g HIV spread to big cities form San Fran liek LA and NYC
e.g COVID
e.g HIV spread to big cities form San Fran liek LA and NYC
43
New cards
temperatures examples
* dengue widespread in the tropics annually affecting 400 million and responsible for 25,000 deaths climate controls the life cycle of Aede Mosquito
* in South Pacific temperatures over 32 degrees and humidity above 95% trigger dengue epidemics
* in South Pacific temperatures over 32 degrees and humidity above 95% trigger dengue epidemics
44
New cards
seasonal variations examples
* influenza peak in winter as flu virus transmission is better in low temps and humidity
* diarrhoea disease in South Asia surges pre monsoon and end of monsoon where fly populations are at the hgihest
* sandflies which transmits protozoan causing leishmanisasis to humans are most abundant in the rainy season
* Bilharzia caused by trematode flatworm hosted by freshwater snails (kills 200,000 year) link closely with seaonsal preicpaiton temperatures from 10-30 degrees
* diarrhoea disease in South Asia surges pre monsoon and end of monsoon where fly populations are at the hgihest
* sandflies which transmits protozoan causing leishmanisasis to humans are most abundant in the rainy season
* Bilharzia caused by trematode flatworm hosted by freshwater snails (kills 200,000 year) link closely with seaonsal preicpaiton temperatures from 10-30 degrees
45
New cards
Climate change examples
* warmer and wetter conations favour growth and spread of mosquitos caring west nile virus, amaliria and dengue
* west nile virus transmitted by the Culex mosquito has spared globally prevelanet in Africa and America from south to Canada - higher temperatures in Texas favour transmission
* Lyme disease - ticks which transmit thrive in warmer conations in the USA, expanding northwards as the temperature rise the ticks will eventually colonise Canada
* africa, sleeping sickness is endemic in 36 sub-saharan countries effecting 70 million people transmitted by the tsetse fly outbreak occur when average temps are between 20.7-26.11 degrees - could affect up to 77 million although some areas too hot
* malaria endemic in Europe even when climate much colder
* large epidemic unlikely in new regiosn of US eruoep due to anti amarial drugs and high quality health services
* local trasnmsion of malaria in Greecein 2009-10 cuts in gov spending, mgiraiotn and heat waves
* west nile virus transmitted by the Culex mosquito has spared globally prevelanet in Africa and America from south to Canada - higher temperatures in Texas favour transmission
* Lyme disease - ticks which transmit thrive in warmer conations in the USA, expanding northwards as the temperature rise the ticks will eventually colonise Canada
* africa, sleeping sickness is endemic in 36 sub-saharan countries effecting 70 million people transmitted by the tsetse fly outbreak occur when average temps are between 20.7-26.11 degrees - could affect up to 77 million although some areas too hot
* malaria endemic in Europe even when climate much colder
* large epidemic unlikely in new regiosn of US eruoep due to anti amarial drugs and high quality health services
* local trasnmsion of malaria in Greecein 2009-10 cuts in gov spending, mgiraiotn and heat waves
46
New cards
zoonotic disease conditions
* movement of infected animal is unrestricted by physical or domsetic barriers
* controls on movement of diseased animal ineffective
* urbanisation suitable habit for foxes and skunks
* vaccinator of pets and domsetic livestock is sparse
* limited control within urban areas of feral dogs, cats, pigeons and other animals
* hygiene and sanitation are poor; drinking water is contaminated by animal faeces, blood and saliva
* man made ahbiates encourage insect vectors to breed
* prolonged contact between animals and humans e.g poultry farmers and avian flu
* controls on movement of diseased animal ineffective
* urbanisation suitable habit for foxes and skunks
* vaccinator of pets and domsetic livestock is sparse
* limited control within urban areas of feral dogs, cats, pigeons and other animals
* hygiene and sanitation are poor; drinking water is contaminated by animal faeces, blood and saliva
* man made ahbiates encourage insect vectors to breed
* prolonged contact between animals and humans e.g poultry farmers and avian flu
47
New cards
cholera
* external conations: gathering, migration envioemrnt
* living - overcrowding, sandation, water supply, unsafe food
* cultural beliefs
→ in osme countries such as Guinea Bissau proper treatment is unavailable and cultural rituals related to the death of victims perpetuate the disease
→ e.g. family members may wash the bodied of someone who died from cholera
→ often after funerals feats and handle the food or prepare the meal can lead to the spread of cholera → happened in Kenya
* poverty
* climate change
* foods dourght
* poltical context
* living - overcrowding, sandation, water supply, unsafe food
* cultural beliefs
→ in osme countries such as Guinea Bissau proper treatment is unavailable and cultural rituals related to the death of victims perpetuate the disease
→ e.g. family members may wash the bodied of someone who died from cholera
→ often after funerals feats and handle the food or prepare the meal can lead to the spread of cholera → happened in Kenya
* poverty
* climate change
* foods dourght
* poltical context
48
New cards
Haiti - earthquake - physical factors
* cholera spread through contained by the bacterium Vibrio cholerea
* contained waste wen Tinto the melee river which is used for water consumption for many in Haiti
* above average air temperature
* higher rainfall then average
* downstream communities like Mirebalias more at risk
* hurricane Thomas lashe nth region with heavy rainfall lead to surge in cases
* cholera indigenous to freshwater and estuarine environments
* ph8 warm water tmepratues between 19-28 increase concentration of the bacteria
* contained waste wen Tinto the melee river which is used for water consumption for many in Haiti
* above average air temperature
* higher rainfall then average
* downstream communities like Mirebalias more at risk
* hurricane Thomas lashe nth region with heavy rainfall lead to surge in cases
* cholera indigenous to freshwater and estuarine environments
* ph8 warm water tmepratues between 19-28 increase concentration of the bacteria
49
New cards
haiti - earthquake - cholera -human factors
* migration of Nepalese workers
* poualtion lacked immunity first in decades
* urban centres lacking water and sanitoant infrastucurer succseptiel
* resurgence of cases in 20202 linked to gang violence on conflicts
* 1.5 million living in tents
* destroyed airports hindered response
* electric power system failed hampering the response
* many urbanites went to outlying areas relocation crowded unsanitary living conations
* home destoyred
* poualtion lacked immunity first in decades
* urban centres lacking water and sanitoant infrastucurer succseptiel
* resurgence of cases in 20202 linked to gang violence on conflicts
* 1.5 million living in tents
* destroyed airports hindered response
* electric power system failed hampering the response
* many urbanites went to outlying areas relocation crowded unsanitary living conations
* home destoyred
50
New cards
Haiti- earthquake - strategies
* ministry of public health and population with assistance form the world bank in 2011 15 minion initiated a project to imrpove health and hygiene practices
* stregnthengin primary health care and surveillance project which WB financed US 70 million
* improving WASH infrastructure
mobile rapid response teams
* each time new cases was reported mobile team vista d the hosuehodl and their neigoubrou to contain outbreak
* disbiotn of soma and oral rehydration salts
* improving water quality
* stregnthengin primary health care and surveillance project which WB financed US 70 million
* improving WASH infrastructure
mobile rapid response teams
* each time new cases was reported mobile team vista d the hosuehodl and their neigoubrou to contain outbreak
* disbiotn of soma and oral rehydration salts
* improving water quality
51
New cards
Bangladesh - flood - water borne disease
* delta porne to floods
* water washes down form the hiaelays more than 200 rivers ganges and meghan
* climate change exaggerating flood risk
* transmission of water borne pathogens increased during flood years - the 2020 floods triggered and epidemic of diarrhoea and other water borne disease like typhoid and hepatitis
* bacteria contained present in floodwater
* 3.3 milion affcted
* 40% of country flooded
* 4,500 became ill due to contaminated water
* one child under 5 disease every 2 mins due to diarrhoea
* solution to provide clean water and efficient santioan but challenge to poorer countries
* water washes down form the hiaelays more than 200 rivers ganges and meghan
* climate change exaggerating flood risk
* transmission of water borne pathogens increased during flood years - the 2020 floods triggered and epidemic of diarrhoea and other water borne disease like typhoid and hepatitis
* bacteria contained present in floodwater
* 3.3 milion affcted
* 40% of country flooded
* 4,500 became ill due to contaminated water
* one child under 5 disease every 2 mins due to diarrhoea
* solution to provide clean water and efficient santioan but challenge to poorer countries
52
New cards
bangledesh - startergies
mostly the government and NGOs
* use of oral rehdyariotn solution
* promotion of breastfeeding and reduciotn of the use of formula milk
* encouragement of hand washing and sanitary latrines
* use of water purification tablets
* improvements in female educioatn and nturiotn
saving up to 70,000 lives in 2015 compared to 1980
marginal implements to diet and medical support major achiemvemtn for one of the most hazardous envioerments
* use of oral rehdyariotn solution
* promotion of breastfeeding and reduciotn of the use of formula milk
* encouragement of hand washing and sanitary latrines
* use of water purification tablets
* improvements in female educioatn and nturiotn
saving up to 70,000 lives in 2015 compared to 1980
marginal implements to diet and medical support major achiemvemtn for one of the most hazardous envioerments
53
New cards
epidemiological transmission model
the idea increasing level of delvopemtn life spans increase and cause fo death changes
1. era of pestilence and famine → life expectancy low 30 for station, water and living standards - infectious disease
2. age of receding pandemics → industrial society advances in medicine diet and hygiene higher life span of 50 years and population growth sustained rise in chronic disease
3. post industrial society and rate of mortality slackens → more improvements in medical tencolgy and hgyein - Non communicable disease the main cause of mortality
4. delay degenerative disease → medical advance delay the onset of CVD and raise life expectancy
but
* rate of life expectancy slowing even falling Men uK since 2015 13 month
* concerns about ability to cop in globalised world with pandemics
* relationship with argicualr en and destuciotn to natural econsytmes increase vulnearlibyt o zoonotic disease
* COVID had human origins rather then random - developed world not immune to highly infections diseases (unpredictable but can have systems to mitigate impacts)
1. era of pestilence and famine → life expectancy low 30 for station, water and living standards - infectious disease
2. age of receding pandemics → industrial society advances in medicine diet and hygiene higher life span of 50 years and population growth sustained rise in chronic disease
3. post industrial society and rate of mortality slackens → more improvements in medical tencolgy and hgyein - Non communicable disease the main cause of mortality
4. delay degenerative disease → medical advance delay the onset of CVD and raise life expectancy
but
* rate of life expectancy slowing even falling Men uK since 2015 13 month
* concerns about ability to cop in globalised world with pandemics
* relationship with argicualr en and destuciotn to natural econsytmes increase vulnearlibyt o zoonotic disease
* COVID had human origins rather then random - developed world not immune to highly infections diseases (unpredictable but can have systems to mitigate impacts)
54
New cards
non communicable diseases in Acs
* CVD and caner dominate mortality
* suggest communicable largely areadicted due to treatments
* longer life expectancies - so larger degenerative disease and old age
* overnturion - obesity to much sugar and fats lead to cancer hypertension etc.
* meat related rising incomes
* physical inanity increasingly in younger groups heighten obesity
* overutntoin problem in delvopign world 1974 1:2 underweight to obese 1997 reversed
* cancers rates higher in Acs Acs average 316/100,000 for males compared to 103/100,000 in LIDCs
* suggest communicable largely areadicted due to treatments
* longer life expectancies - so larger degenerative disease and old age
* overnturion - obesity to much sugar and fats lead to cancer hypertension etc.
* meat related rising incomes
* physical inanity increasingly in younger groups heighten obesity
* overutntoin problem in delvopign world 1974 1:2 underweight to obese 1997 reversed
* cancers rates higher in Acs Acs average 316/100,000 for males compared to 103/100,000 in LIDCs
55
New cards
communicable diseases in LIDCs
* animal borne, water bonre and food borne
* cholera, polio and typhoid eliminated in Acs but endemic in LIDCs - poverty
* inadequate health service, lack of resource, inadequate nturion and poor envoimatnal and living condiotns
* underntions and malnturiont
* sub sahran Africa food intake rose 37 kcal per day from 1965-2015 South Asia rose 396 kcal a day
* udnerntuoin weaken immune system and increase risk of bacterial and viral infecitons
* malnrution cuased by protein deficiency resposibnle for marasmus
* lack fo vitamins rickets, curvy and pellagra
* water pollution resolver for cholera and typhoid
* slum housing linked to TB
* geography most poorest in sub-tropic and tropics high tmepratus and abundant rainfall - ebola dengue etc.
but Singapore 83.5 years tropical climate
* cholera, polio and typhoid eliminated in Acs but endemic in LIDCs - poverty
* inadequate health service, lack of resource, inadequate nturion and poor envoimatnal and living condiotns
* underntions and malnturiont
* sub sahran Africa food intake rose 37 kcal per day from 1965-2015 South Asia rose 396 kcal a day
* udnerntuoin weaken immune system and increase risk of bacterial and viral infecitons
* malnrution cuased by protein deficiency resposibnle for marasmus
* lack fo vitamins rickets, curvy and pellagra
* water pollution resolver for cholera and typhoid
* slum housing linked to TB
* geography most poorest in sub-tropic and tropics high tmepratus and abundant rainfall - ebola dengue etc.
but Singapore 83.5 years tropical climate
56
New cards
air pollution causes:
* due to emission of NO2 and SO2 from coal burning and vehicles
* indoor pollution also problem in rural Raes were households often lack electricity and depend on biosmass fuels such as animal dung for heating and paraffin for cooking and lighting - indoor pollution responsible for 1 million premature deaths a year
* PM2.5 burnt form fossil fuels penetrate into peoples lungs
* indoor pollution also problem in rural Raes were households often lack electricity and depend on biosmass fuels such as animal dung for heating and paraffin for cooking and lighting - indoor pollution responsible for 1 million premature deaths a year
* PM2.5 burnt form fossil fuels penetrate into peoples lungs
57
New cards
air pollution - health impacts
* lowers av life expectancy of 660 milion Indians by more than 3 years
* 99% of India’s 1.2 billion people breath pollute air
* safe level of 2.5PM is 10 India has 40 in many cities
* 12/15 world most polluted cities are in India
* 2020 1:68 males and 1:201 females are diagnoses with lung cancer
in Delhi
* PM2.5 pollution increase residents risk form lung cancer by 70%
* PM 2.5 winter months often exceeds 600
* links to mortality and morbidity (challenging to calcuatle considering many factors cause repsiarity problems)
* respiartory symptonms disease are 1.7x higher than in rural areas
* lung function is on average 40% reduced compared with 21% in rural areas
* hypertension linked to air pollution is 40x higher
* 1:5 lung cancers not caused by smokers
* poor most effected
* 99% of India’s 1.2 billion people breath pollute air
* safe level of 2.5PM is 10 India has 40 in many cities
* 12/15 world most polluted cities are in India
* 2020 1:68 males and 1:201 females are diagnoses with lung cancer
in Delhi
* PM2.5 pollution increase residents risk form lung cancer by 70%
* PM 2.5 winter months often exceeds 600
* links to mortality and morbidity (challenging to calcuatle considering many factors cause repsiarity problems)
* respiartory symptonms disease are 1.7x higher than in rural areas
* lung function is on average 40% reduced compared with 21% in rural areas
* hypertension linked to air pollution is 40x higher
* 1:5 lung cancers not caused by smokers
* poor most effected
58
New cards
air pollution - india national solutions
national solution
* gov in denial often prioritising economic grwoth
* sustain pressure from both civil society and the courts national gov launched the NCAP in 2019
→ 20-30% reduciotn in PM10 and pM2.5 by 2024
→ year after progress in number of air quality monitoring stations
→ progress slow and not legally inducing
some progress
* Bihar chimneys retro fitted to reduce smoke emissions
* 14 cities budliign rapid-transmit metro systmems
* subsides for petrol and diesel scrapped
* restrictions placed on burins stubble in fields concern for poltuoin in rural areas
* gov in denial often prioritising economic grwoth
* sustain pressure from both civil society and the courts national gov launched the NCAP in 2019
→ 20-30% reduciotn in PM10 and pM2.5 by 2024
→ year after progress in number of air quality monitoring stations
→ progress slow and not legally inducing
some progress
* Bihar chimneys retro fitted to reduce smoke emissions
* 14 cities budliign rapid-transmit metro systmems
* subsides for petrol and diesel scrapped
* restrictions placed on burins stubble in fields concern for poltuoin in rural areas
59
New cards
india - global solutions
* global natives such as world cancer day gives attention to the current global epidemic pressing gov to take more action
* 2020 WHO comprehensive report setting priorities and outlining investment strategies to provide car for all
EU
* CLIAMTE CHAGNE Polices befit human health through cutting CO2 emmisons
* 1.8 billion to support air quality measures
* in 2019 EU commons invest 1 billion in 39 clean tranpsort project to upgrade Europeans rail network and deal altneraitve fuel infasturbute
* largest cap and trade
* targets expanding renewable energy
* 2020 WHO comprehensive report setting priorities and outlining investment strategies to provide car for all
EU
* CLIAMTE CHAGNE Polices befit human health through cutting CO2 emmisons
* 1.8 billion to support air quality measures
* in 2019 EU commons invest 1 billion in 39 clean tranpsort project to upgrade Europeans rail network and deal altneraitve fuel infasturbute
* largest cap and trade
* targets expanding renewable energy
60
New cards
malaria - ethiopia
1\. caused by tiny plasmodium parasite
2\. parasite hosts are anopheles’ mosquitoes and humans
3\. mosquitos act as vectors, transmitting the disease person to person
4\. parasites enter people through the bite of an infected mosquito
5\. in 2019 killed 405,000 ¾ children under 5 and 94% deaths in 2018 in Africa
2\. parasite hosts are anopheles’ mosquitoes and humans
3\. mosquitos act as vectors, transmitting the disease person to person
4\. parasites enter people through the bite of an infected mosquito
5\. in 2019 killed 405,000 ¾ children under 5 and 94% deaths in 2018 in Africa
61
New cards
malaria - environmental and human causes of the disease
* Malarial mosquitos thrive in warm, humid climates where stagnant surface water provides ideal breeding habitats for mosquitoes
* In Ethiopia habitats are strongly influenced by altitude – disease endemic in western lowlands where temperatures and humidity are high throughout the year
* The absence of malaria in the highlands is explained by low average temperatures which slow the development of mosquitos and the plasmodium parasite
* In Ethiopia habitats are strongly influenced by altitude – disease endemic in western lowlands where temperatures and humidity are high throughout the year
* The absence of malaria in the highlands is explained by low average temperatures which slow the development of mosquitos and the plasmodium parasite
62
New cards
malaria Ethiopia human factors
* tigrary war
* koka damn - live within 10km 19x more likely to get disease
* Human factors impact epidemiology – population movements, urbanisation, irrigation schemes and the misuse of malarial drugs encouraged the spread of disease
* Every year the harvest and planting time, large-scale, seasonal population movements take place between the malaria-free highlands and the agricultural lowlands
* The timing of this migration coincides with the rainy season and the peak malarial transmission period (June-September) in the lowlands
* Infection is also increased because harvesting often continues after sunset when mosquitoes are most active and most migrant workers sleep in the fields overnight
* irrigation projects in the Awash Valley and in Gambella province, and the cultivation of rice, have both expanded the breeding habitats for mosquitoes
* Urbanisation has had a similar effect: flooded excavations, garbage dumps, discarded containers and so on provide countless breeding sites
* Meanwhile malarial parasites are becoming increasingly drug-resistant
* koka damn - live within 10km 19x more likely to get disease
* Human factors impact epidemiology – population movements, urbanisation, irrigation schemes and the misuse of malarial drugs encouraged the spread of disease
* Every year the harvest and planting time, large-scale, seasonal population movements take place between the malaria-free highlands and the agricultural lowlands
* The timing of this migration coincides with the rainy season and the peak malarial transmission period (June-September) in the lowlands
* Infection is also increased because harvesting often continues after sunset when mosquitoes are most active and most migrant workers sleep in the fields overnight
* irrigation projects in the Awash Valley and in Gambella province, and the cultivation of rice, have both expanded the breeding habitats for mosquitoes
* Urbanisation has had a similar effect: flooded excavations, garbage dumps, discarded containers and so on provide countless breeding sites
* Meanwhile malarial parasites are becoming increasingly drug-resistant
63
New cards
patterns
Malaria is endemic in 75% of Ethiopia’s area
2/3 population is at risk of the disease and kills 70,000 a year
* areas of highest risk are the WESTERN LOWLANDS in Tigray, Amhara and Gambella provinces their transmission rates peaks after the rainy season between June and November
* in the midlands where altitude ranges from 1000 to 2200 m, transmission is also seasonal, with occasional epidemics
* In Afar and Somali provinces in the eastern lowlands, the arid climate confines malaria to river valleys
2/3 population is at risk of the disease and kills 70,000 a year
* areas of highest risk are the WESTERN LOWLANDS in Tigray, Amhara and Gambella provinces their transmission rates peaks after the rainy season between June and November
* in the midlands where altitude ranges from 1000 to 2200 m, transmission is also seasonal, with occasional epidemics
* In Afar and Somali provinces in the eastern lowlands, the arid climate confines malaria to river valleys
64
New cards
impacts of the disease
\
* Hardest hit are the poor, often living in crudely built dwellings that offer few barriers to mosquitoes
* Ethiopians suffer approx. 5 million episodes of malaria a year, which kill around 70,000 people
* Malaria has debilitating effects causing absences from work = slowing growth
* Loss of production in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to be US$12 billion a year
* The cost to health services is also considerable: malaria absorbs 40% of national health expenditure, accounts for 10% of hospital emission and 12% of health clinic visits
* Dealing with malaria epidemics can damage tourism and curtailing inward investment
* Impacts food security – the western lowlands (resource-rich) but endemic malaria holds back development which effects the highlands (malaria free and high population densities) farming resources have been overexploited = widespread land degradation leading to famines in the 1980s
* Hardest hit are the poor, often living in crudely built dwellings that offer few barriers to mosquitoes
* Ethiopians suffer approx. 5 million episodes of malaria a year, which kill around 70,000 people
* Malaria has debilitating effects causing absences from work = slowing growth
* Loss of production in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to be US$12 billion a year
* The cost to health services is also considerable: malaria absorbs 40% of national health expenditure, accounts for 10% of hospital emission and 12% of health clinic visits
* Dealing with malaria epidemics can damage tourism and curtailing inward investment
* Impacts food security – the western lowlands (resource-rich) but endemic malaria holds back development which effects the highlands (malaria free and high population densities) farming resources have been overexploited = widespread land degradation leading to famines in the 1980s
65
New cards
malaria - ethiopia stratergies
* un role back malaria global partnerships
* vaccine -GSK
* drugs but arent designed for regular taking
NATIONAL MALARIA STRATEGIC PLAN
* Insectidie trae mosquito nets 70% of households protected
* indor residual spraying
* mosquito larval repoint
* elimatinon by 2030
* 2020 on track reaching incidence by 40%
* but insecticide resistance, migrant population, emerging chloroquine resistance difficult controlling
* invasive mosquito from Asia
* presidnet malaria inactive works alongside this plan - aid fro US
HEALTH EXTENSION WORKERS
* 1:2347
* women - trust increase engagement vulnerable collect water
* provide immunsiations, diagnoses, educaiotn, train voluntary woerkes
* transferring health knowledge
* vaccine -GSK
* drugs but arent designed for regular taking
NATIONAL MALARIA STRATEGIC PLAN
* Insectidie trae mosquito nets 70% of households protected
* indor residual spraying
* mosquito larval repoint
* elimatinon by 2030
* 2020 on track reaching incidence by 40%
* but insecticide resistance, migrant population, emerging chloroquine resistance difficult controlling
* invasive mosquito from Asia
* presidnet malaria inactive works alongside this plan - aid fro US
HEALTH EXTENSION WORKERS
* 1:2347
* women - trust increase engagement vulnerable collect water
* provide immunsiations, diagnoses, educaiotn, train voluntary woerkes
* transferring health knowledge
66
New cards
cancer UK - causes
* mutation in DNA
* envioemrnt - carcinogens
* lifestyle - diet, gender, age etc.
* 2/3 cases explained by lifestyle linked to poverty
* sunbathing, subnets clutrlure preferences
* lower incomes - fast food pre packed ready meals - high bowel cancer
* higher incomes = higher alcohol consumption = higher risk of oesophageal/liver cancer
* lack of expertise/diet driven obesity in the UK
* smoking 1/5 of all cancers
* deprived 14.2% high survival rights of most affluent group survive bladder cancer compared to the most deprived
* envioemrnt - carcinogens
* lifestyle - diet, gender, age etc.
* 2/3 cases explained by lifestyle linked to poverty
* sunbathing, subnets clutrlure preferences
* lower incomes - fast food pre packed ready meals - high bowel cancer
* higher incomes = higher alcohol consumption = higher risk of oesophageal/liver cancer
* lack of expertise/diet driven obesity in the UK
* smoking 1/5 of all cancers
* deprived 14.2% high survival rights of most affluent group survive bladder cancer compared to the most deprived
67
New cards
cancer UK - prevelance and patterns
* 980 ppl diagnosed a day
* 12% increase in incidence since the 90s
* ageing pop to 510,000 ppl a year
* in 2018 54,000under 70 died could have contributed 585 million to eoncomy and 6.8 billion in rest of their lives
* deprivation increase smoking and obesity
* poorest areas cancer higher then 3x most affluent
* glasgow highest rate of cancer of any UK health authority Scotland 16.4% difference form rest of England
* highest in deprived areas e.g Merseyside and liverpool
* 12% increase in incidence since the 90s
* ageing pop to 510,000 ppl a year
* in 2018 54,000under 70 died could have contributed 585 million to eoncomy and 6.8 billion in rest of their lives
* deprivation increase smoking and obesity
* poorest areas cancer higher then 3x most affluent
* glasgow highest rate of cancer of any UK health authority Scotland 16.4% difference form rest of England
* highest in deprived areas e.g Merseyside and liverpool
68
New cards
socio economic impact of the dais cancer UK
* 35,000 die a year lose of productive worker s
* 120,00 non fatal but likely leave the labour force many cannot return
* hang jobs or reduce working hours
* 1 million caring for peopel with cancer
* if current rates persist lose 200,000 next 5 years (billions)
* 120,00 non fatal but likely leave the labour force many cannot return
* hang jobs or reduce working hours
* 1 million caring for peopel with cancer
* if current rates persist lose 200,000 next 5 years (billions)
69
New cards
direct and indirect strategies
* 5000 lives a year increase survival rates, and reduce the gap in survival rates that exist currently between the UK and Europe
* direct stares cinlud investment in advancing medical technology, such as more precise forms of radio, and diagnostic methods such as endoscopy for early diagnosis
* mass creasing fro breast, cervical and bowel cancer
* survival rates could be improved by reducing waiting times between diagnosis and treatment and by giving more support GPs in referral to consultant
* cancer research focuses on improving udnerstaing of the disease, developing new treatments, discovering new drugs and exploiting and potential of genetic engineering
* indirect approaches emphasis changes in lifestyle and cancer prevnetion - educaiotn and health campaigns informing the public of the dangers of smoking, excessive drink and sugary, unbalanced diets
* internait agneices and charites also help fights - International agency for research on cancer conducts epidemiology and lab research into cause of disease
* cancer UK prevention diagnose and treamtnedt
* skin cancer increase control sun beds age limits
* UV warnings
* direct stares cinlud investment in advancing medical technology, such as more precise forms of radio, and diagnostic methods such as endoscopy for early diagnosis
* mass creasing fro breast, cervical and bowel cancer
* survival rates could be improved by reducing waiting times between diagnosis and treatment and by giving more support GPs in referral to consultant
* cancer research focuses on improving udnerstaing of the disease, developing new treatments, discovering new drugs and exploiting and potential of genetic engineering
* indirect approaches emphasis changes in lifestyle and cancer prevnetion - educaiotn and health campaigns informing the public of the dangers of smoking, excessive drink and sugary, unbalanced diets
* internait agneices and charites also help fights - International agency for research on cancer conducts epidemiology and lab research into cause of disease
* cancer UK prevention diagnose and treamtnedt
* skin cancer increase control sun beds age limits
* UV warnings
70
New cards
WHO role
* corodingationg interinali helath within the UN system works with UNCIEF, WB and red cross
* who WIDE RANGIN BREIF:
→ gathering health data
→ providing leaderhip
→ researching health problems
→ mounting the international ehalth situaiotn
→ support health crisis
* collect world health statistics - insghts into health risks, mortality from communicable and non-communicable disease gov spending on healthcare (quality data varies)
* researches health issues research groups dedicate to influenza, tropical diseases and mental health vaccines
* research projects are often partnerships with other internal agencies e.g currently colalboritn gwith the muli agency stop TB partnership aims to eradicate TB by 2050
* increasing awakes of epidemics and outbreaks of new disease like Zika virus
* support programmes for members states - following 2015 earthquakes Who delivered emergency health services in form of mobile medical units
* in Liberia, the 2014-15 ebola epidmeic caused the total collapse of the country health care services unable to cope with serious outbreak of mealses who WITH unICEF AND THE us CDC steeped in orgnaisng meales vaccination programme
* research programmes dengue fever - map the spread of disease to find areas to target which areas to educate the community prediction diffusion
* who WIDE RANGIN BREIF:
→ gathering health data
→ providing leaderhip
→ researching health problems
→ mounting the international ehalth situaiotn
→ support health crisis
* collect world health statistics - insghts into health risks, mortality from communicable and non-communicable disease gov spending on healthcare (quality data varies)
* researches health issues research groups dedicate to influenza, tropical diseases and mental health vaccines
* research projects are often partnerships with other internal agencies e.g currently colalboritn gwith the muli agency stop TB partnership aims to eradicate TB by 2050
* increasing awakes of epidemics and outbreaks of new disease like Zika virus
* support programmes for members states - following 2015 earthquakes Who delivered emergency health services in form of mobile medical units
* in Liberia, the 2014-15 ebola epidmeic caused the total collapse of the country health care services unable to cope with serious outbreak of mealses who WITH unICEF AND THE us CDC steeped in orgnaisng meales vaccination programme
* research programmes dengue fever - map the spread of disease to find areas to target which areas to educate the community prediction diffusion
71
New cards
HIV Kenya
* early antritrovial treatment people healthy and prevents HIV transmission
* 100,000 case a year
* one of first countries to develop prevention roadmaps location gayer it is - educating people about the psread/prevention + empowers ocmmuditny to take hIV tets
* psot exposrue prophylaxis is offered to be who have been exposed to HIV and VMMC helps reduce infection rates since 2010-16 reached 20,000 men
* working together - unviersisla health coverage
* 100,000 case a year
* one of first countries to develop prevention roadmaps location gayer it is - educating people about the psread/prevention + empowers ocmmuditny to take hIV tets
* psot exposrue prophylaxis is offered to be who have been exposed to HIV and VMMC helps reduce infection rates since 2010-16 reached 20,000 men
* working together - unviersisla health coverage
72
New cards
COVID-19
* early jan 2020 Who picked up reports about outbreak of unwon rises in Wuhan
* 14 Jan prossiblity was infectious dais involving human to human transmmisosin acknowledge
* end of the month cases in half dozen coutnries
* then rapidly spread - declared global pandemic on March 2011
* During COIVD, before vaccine were available infection slowed by lockdown or quarantine
* govenremtn reacted iwth varying speeds and preparedness
* the best prepared countries where those that had to confront previous cornavrisus epidemics such as South Korea or Taiwan
* many ACs undersestimate and udnefunded
* USA suggest Who to chain cnetirc later asked for 1 billion to help the fights
* after a year still virus was not understood - biggest impact on poorest people living in high density locations who are needed to work
* mortally rates varied greatly between countries
* economic impact was high
* death rate was not accurate varied pace to place
LIDCS and EDCs
* impact was especially SEVERE GIVEN THE PRESSURE ON PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS HIGH URBAN DENSITIES and poverty
* social distancing and effective quarantine were impossible in slums with high densities of population
* leaving home to earn enough to provide necessities for survival
* 1:7 live in these conditions
* 14 Jan prossiblity was infectious dais involving human to human transmmisosin acknowledge
* end of the month cases in half dozen coutnries
* then rapidly spread - declared global pandemic on March 2011
* During COIVD, before vaccine were available infection slowed by lockdown or quarantine
* govenremtn reacted iwth varying speeds and preparedness
* the best prepared countries where those that had to confront previous cornavrisus epidemics such as South Korea or Taiwan
* many ACs undersestimate and udnefunded
* USA suggest Who to chain cnetirc later asked for 1 billion to help the fights
* after a year still virus was not understood - biggest impact on poorest people living in high density locations who are needed to work
* mortally rates varied greatly between countries
* economic impact was high
* death rate was not accurate varied pace to place
LIDCS and EDCs
* impact was especially SEVERE GIVEN THE PRESSURE ON PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS HIGH URBAN DENSITIES and poverty
* social distancing and effective quarantine were impossible in slums with high densities of population
* leaving home to earn enough to provide necessities for survival
* 1:7 live in these conditions
73
New cards
Red Cross HAITI
* 60% of haitan surves on less than 2.5 dollars/day
* quake living in camps
* 86% lived in slums
* 1/2 no acces to a toilet
* cholera outbreak began 10 October 2010 introduced by Nepalese soldiers
* between 2010-14 nearly 720,000 cases recorded and 8,700 deaths
* most affected area Artibonite with 47,320 CASES IN 2010
* Red Cross one of many NGOS:
1. delivering clean drinking water to 300,000 people living in camps in Port-au-Prine
2. massiv ehygien programme - building 1300 latrines serving 250,000 people
3. providing medical supplies to the main hospital in Saint Marc
4. Treating 18,700 cases of cholera in treatment units in La piste camp in port-au-Prince and in Port-aPiment cmap in SW Haiti
5. raising awareness among locals on how to avoid infeciotn and symptoms of cholera
* 10 years criticises
* 12,000 NGOs no govenremtn functioning
* spurring with so much aid so many died
* 10 days after the outbreak hit capital MSF realised largest camp no access to chlorinated dirnking water
* 6 month after outbreak there was jsut one operational rate magenta site in capital
* MSF treated more than 75,000 people
* critics not enough station rapid spread
* quake living in camps
* 86% lived in slums
* 1/2 no acces to a toilet
* cholera outbreak began 10 October 2010 introduced by Nepalese soldiers
* between 2010-14 nearly 720,000 cases recorded and 8,700 deaths
* most affected area Artibonite with 47,320 CASES IN 2010
* Red Cross one of many NGOS:
1. delivering clean drinking water to 300,000 people living in camps in Port-au-Prine
2. massiv ehygien programme - building 1300 latrines serving 250,000 people
3. providing medical supplies to the main hospital in Saint Marc
4. Treating 18,700 cases of cholera in treatment units in La piste camp in port-au-Prince and in Port-aPiment cmap in SW Haiti
5. raising awareness among locals on how to avoid infeciotn and symptoms of cholera
* 10 years criticises
* 12,000 NGOs no govenremtn functioning
* spurring with so much aid so many died
* 10 days after the outbreak hit capital MSF realised largest camp no access to chlorinated dirnking water
* 6 month after outbreak there was jsut one operational rate magenta site in capital
* MSF treated more than 75,000 people
* critics not enough station rapid spread
74
New cards
excess water - US cehspeake bay
* maryland USA, chespaeake bay divides the state into two distinct regions - the bay acting as a barrie to population movements, limiting the spread of measles in the period 1917-38
75
New cards
remote communities - ebola / gorka
* eobla first appeared in equatorial afric ain the 80s but communities affected were so isolated in the Congo rainforest was contained
* pakistan and nepal earhtquakes in 2005 and 2015 - endemic water borne disease such as typhoid choelra nd dystnetery presented the greater threat in isolated rural areas which meidcal teams and emergency aid could not reach - remote Gorka reiogn of Nepal many settlements are 1-2 days walk from vilalges during the earthquakes theses were cut off by landslides and wer withotu aid supplies - epidemics took hold
* pakistan and nepal earhtquakes in 2005 and 2015 - endemic water borne disease such as typhoid choelra nd dystnetery presented the greater threat in isolated rural areas which meidcal teams and emergency aid could not reach - remote Gorka reiogn of Nepal many settlements are 1-2 days walk from vilalges during the earthquakes theses were cut off by landslides and wer withotu aid supplies - epidemics took hold
76
New cards
cuba - COVID
* sent advisors to china learn about virus and train courses
* mid jan update naotinal aciotn plan epidemics
* 10 march arrivals tested for the virus
* frist cases 3 Italians tourist contact tracing started immediately along with door to door checks
* 50% of those hospitalised salary guarnateed by the state
* Cuba closed border to non residents
* quarantine obligatory for Cruban arriving home mobile app was used to allow ordinary citizens to carry out and repot epidmeoiolgoical sruverys
* middl July death rate normal levels
* DRC 74.4 death per million and uK 649 deaths per million
reason
1. free health care
2. 70% of own drugs
3. sending professional itlay covid
* mid jan update naotinal aciotn plan epidemics
* 10 march arrivals tested for the virus
* frist cases 3 Italians tourist contact tracing started immediately along with door to door checks
* 50% of those hospitalised salary guarnateed by the state
* Cuba closed border to non residents
* quarantine obligatory for Cruban arriving home mobile app was used to allow ordinary citizens to carry out and repot epidmeoiolgoical sruverys
* middl July death rate normal levels
* DRC 74.4 death per million and uK 649 deaths per million
reason
1. free health care
2. 70% of own drugs
3. sending professional itlay covid
77
New cards
salicin
source: bark of white willow and other willow species
growing condiotns:
* widespread on riverbanks floodplains and wetland throughout the temperate zone
* thrives on a range of soils, from light sand to heavy clay soil pH 5.5-8
use
* aspirin, pain relief, gout
growing condiotns:
* widespread on riverbanks floodplains and wetland throughout the temperate zone
* thrives on a range of soils, from light sand to heavy clay soil pH 5.5-8
use
* aspirin, pain relief, gout
78
New cards
caffeine
source: tea, coffe, cocoa
growing condiotns
* torpical condiotns temps 20-27
* lots of rainfall 1000-2000 mm/yr
* soil are well drained, with good organic content and nitrogen
use
* stimulant for nervous system
* heart
* muscles
* epidural
growing condiotns
* torpical condiotns temps 20-27
* lots of rainfall 1000-2000 mm/yr
* soil are well drained, with good organic content and nitrogen
use
* stimulant for nervous system
* heart
* muscles
* epidural
79
New cards
quinine
source: dried bark of cinchonas evergreen tree
growing conditions:
* average temp above 20
* humid annual rainfall >2000m
* no frost
* well drained
* fertile soil abundant organic matter and good moisture-holding capacity
use
* malaria - kills marlin parasites in red blood cells
growing conditions:
* average temp above 20
* humid annual rainfall >2000m
* no frost
* well drained
* fertile soil abundant organic matter and good moisture-holding capacity
use
* malaria - kills marlin parasites in red blood cells
80
New cards
Colchicine
use: autumn crocus
growing conditions
* most
* template climate contain
* deep well drained soils iwth slightly acidic PH
* good moisture renting
used: cancer gout
growing conditions
* most
* template climate contain
* deep well drained soils iwth slightly acidic PH
* good moisture renting
used: cancer gout
81
New cards
Nicotine
use: tobacco plant
growing
* mean daily temp between 20-30 degrees rainfall 600-800mm with 20-30mm every two weeks
* frost free
* light to medium textured soil good drainage
used: main active in new drug to treat wounds, Alzheimers depression
growing
* mean daily temp between 20-30 degrees rainfall 600-800mm with 20-30mm every two weeks
* frost free
* light to medium textured soil good drainage
used: main active in new drug to treat wounds, Alzheimers depression
82
New cards
rosy periwinkle
* small evergreen shrub native to Madagascar
* tropical
* warm climate
* withough frost
* soils well darined but mosture retaining and slightly acidic
USE:
* long estalbished treatment of wasp stings in India in diarist in china and the philipines
* only came to attention in the late 1960s
* 70 useful allies
* them for leukaemia surival rates 10% to 90%
PRODUCTION:
* currently scientist unable to synthesis these alkaloids drug relies on commercial cultivation in india madagascar
* worth hundred of dollars annually to Eli Lilly
* but few profits channelled back to Madagascar and its indigenous rainforest people
* this exploitation of biolgocal resources is described as biopiracy - deprives LIDCs such as madagascar of valuable international trade, protneial exports and value added
* biopiracy hinder growth and inequality
* tropical
* warm climate
* withough frost
* soils well darined but mosture retaining and slightly acidic
USE:
* long estalbished treatment of wasp stings in India in diarist in china and the philipines
* only came to attention in the late 1960s
* 70 useful allies
* them for leukaemia surival rates 10% to 90%
PRODUCTION:
* currently scientist unable to synthesis these alkaloids drug relies on commercial cultivation in india madagascar
* worth hundred of dollars annually to Eli Lilly
* but few profits channelled back to Madagascar and its indigenous rainforest people
* this exploitation of biolgocal resources is described as biopiracy - deprives LIDCs such as madagascar of valuable international trade, protneial exports and value added
* biopiracy hinder growth and inequality
83
New cards
supply and demand of rosy periwinkle
* medical plants mainly sourced form wild populations; only small number of medical species like the rosy periwinkle are cultivated
* traditional medicines almost all from the wide - 80% of developing rely on tradioatnla medicines so demand is huge
* so supply under pressure
* over harvesting widespread reading populations and genetic diversity
* extinction of key medicines
* 4000 medical plants threatened
* deforestation
* 70% terristal plant species in rainforest yet only 1% screened
* major drug lost every 2 years due to deforestation
* traditional medicines almost all from the wide - 80% of developing rely on tradioatnla medicines so demand is huge
* so supply under pressure
* over harvesting widespread reading populations and genetic diversity
* extinction of key medicines
* 4000 medical plants threatened
* deforestation
* 70% terristal plant species in rainforest yet only 1% screened
* major drug lost every 2 years due to deforestation
84
New cards
biopiracy? Costa Rica
* in Costa Rica scitenis extracted protalin a powerful drug for treating HIV revenues were returned to samoa as compensation for preocitng the rainforest
* assisted development
* national cancer instuione of the USA also provided funds for development forest proteciotn in samo
* local people benefit directly from forests
* assisted development
* national cancer instuione of the USA also provided funds for development forest proteciotn in samo
* local people benefit directly from forests
85
New cards
GLAXO SMITH KLINE critic
1\. Making excess profits well above average for large corps
2\. Overcharging both governments and individuals for drugs, most controversially for those that are potentially lifesaving
3\. Spending more than any other companies on ‘lobbying’ governments to ensure that national and international regulations favour them
4\. Concentrating their research on developing drugs requiring long term and repeated prescription; opioid pain killers and anti-depressants are commonly quoted examples
5\. Neglecting to sufficiently fund research in less profitable areas of drug development including vaccines for ‘forgotten tropical diseases’ (WHO)
6\. Neglecting to research the development of antibiotics
2\. Overcharging both governments and individuals for drugs, most controversially for those that are potentially lifesaving
3\. Spending more than any other companies on ‘lobbying’ governments to ensure that national and international regulations favour them
4\. Concentrating their research on developing drugs requiring long term and repeated prescription; opioid pain killers and anti-depressants are commonly quoted examples
5\. Neglecting to sufficiently fund research in less profitable areas of drug development including vaccines for ‘forgotten tropical diseases’ (WHO)
6\. Neglecting to research the development of antibiotics
86
New cards
GSK
* 7 billion profit for shareholders
* 2.3 billion packs of medicines
* 701 milion vccine doseses
* 4.2 bilion consumer healthcare products
* empty 100,000 people
* 36 manufacturing sites in differnt coutnries
* 2/3 turnover medince chronic disease
* 15 vaccins in devlopment
* Rand D 15,000 people employed and 4.6 billion year
* researching TB, malaria and HIV
* demand for new drugs in LIDCs low often not worth the development costs
* but research centre in Spain focus primary on TB, malrai a disease that infects 200 million a year
* vaccine Ebola virus
* committee 5% product profit on product to EDCS/LIDCS
* HIV/AIDs drugs discounted
* granting licens to manufacturing cheaper versions of there patented drugs
* patent drugs 25% of UK price
* investing 20% of its profit from sales in each developing coutnre
* 2.3 billion packs of medicines
* 701 milion vccine doseses
* 4.2 bilion consumer healthcare products
* empty 100,000 people
* 36 manufacturing sites in differnt coutnries
* 2/3 turnover medince chronic disease
* 15 vaccins in devlopment
* Rand D 15,000 people employed and 4.6 billion year
* researching TB, malaria and HIV
* demand for new drugs in LIDCs low often not worth the development costs
* but research centre in Spain focus primary on TB, malrai a disease that infects 200 million a year
* vaccine Ebola virus
* committee 5% product profit on product to EDCS/LIDCS
* HIV/AIDs drugs discounted
* granting licens to manufacturing cheaper versions of there patented drugs
* patent drugs 25% of UK price
* investing 20% of its profit from sales in each developing coutnre
87
New cards
global campaigns eradication
* polio and guinea worm
* WHO
* Prior to polio vaccine in 1952 polio killed or paralysed 600,000 people a year – discovered Salk did not patent his vaccine so lower costs
* The Global polio eradication initiative began in 1988 a programme of vaccination had successfully eliminated the disease in the Americas by 2011 polio was endemic in just three countries: Afghan, Pakistan and Nigeria
* Within those countries uptake of vaccination is uneven political instability and murder of more than 80 health care workers by militants has interrupted programmes (since 2011 new outbreaks of polio have occurred in war-torn Syria and Iraq, where vaccination and basic hygiene have broken down)
* resistance to vaccination programmes related to cultural factors and pollical provided challenges
* WHO
* Prior to polio vaccine in 1952 polio killed or paralysed 600,000 people a year – discovered Salk did not patent his vaccine so lower costs
* The Global polio eradication initiative began in 1988 a programme of vaccination had successfully eliminated the disease in the Americas by 2011 polio was endemic in just three countries: Afghan, Pakistan and Nigeria
* Within those countries uptake of vaccination is uneven political instability and murder of more than 80 health care workers by militants has interrupted programmes (since 2011 new outbreaks of polio have occurred in war-torn Syria and Iraq, where vaccination and basic hygiene have broken down)
* resistance to vaccination programmes related to cultural factors and pollical provided challenges
88
New cards
national campaigns - maurituas
\- As evidenced by Mauritius
\- Malaria was endemic in Mauritius in 1867 and killed 1/8 of the island’s population
\- A major government backed campaign to eliminate malaria between 1948-51 w
\- Spraying buildings and breeding sites of mosquitoes with DDT reduce mortality rates from 6 per 1000 to 0.6 per 1000
\- In 1973 malaria was eliminated
\- But after cyclone migrant workers re introduced malaria and government forced to embark on second elimination campaign
\- Mass administration of anti-malarial drug, fish that feed on mosquito introduce, spraying of breeding sites
\- Since 1988 steps taken to prevent reintroduction – rigorous passenger screening has been implemented at the international airport, insecticide spraying both indoors and outdoors continues throughout the island
\- So far reintroduction has been prevented only one imported case since 1997
\- Malaria was endemic in Mauritius in 1867 and killed 1/8 of the island’s population
\- A major government backed campaign to eliminate malaria between 1948-51 w
\- Spraying buildings and breeding sites of mosquitoes with DDT reduce mortality rates from 6 per 1000 to 0.6 per 1000
\- In 1973 malaria was eliminated
\- But after cyclone migrant workers re introduced malaria and government forced to embark on second elimination campaign
\- Mass administration of anti-malarial drug, fish that feed on mosquito introduce, spraying of breeding sites
\- Since 1988 steps taken to prevent reintroduction – rigorous passenger screening has been implemented at the international airport, insecticide spraying both indoors and outdoors continues throughout the island
\- So far reintroduction has been prevented only one imported case since 1997
89
New cards
GUINEA WORM
GUINEA WORM ERADICATION PROGRAMME
• In Ghana in West Africa, the Guinea worm eradication programme has partnered the Ghana red cross women’s clubs to reduce transmission of Guinea worm
• This programme involves teaching women volunteers how the Guinea worm is transmitted and how transmissions can be prevented
• The volunteers then visit villages and educate local communities
• In the past this work was invested in male volunteers and met with limited success
• This was because men frequently work outside villages and it is mainly women who are responsible for sourcing water and use for household consumption
• Women were able to appreciate the value of filtering drinking water and avoiding contamination of water with people already infected with the parasite
• The responsibility of volunteers included:
\- Monitoring identifying and reporting all new cases of guinea worm
\- Ensuring that those infected did not contaminate water sources
\- Distributing, checking and replacing water filters that remove water fleas from drinking water
\- Identifying water source used by the communities and requiring treatment with larvicides
• This grass rots has proved highly successful and Guinea worm has been eradicated from Ghana
• In Ghana in West Africa, the Guinea worm eradication programme has partnered the Ghana red cross women’s clubs to reduce transmission of Guinea worm
• This programme involves teaching women volunteers how the Guinea worm is transmitted and how transmissions can be prevented
• The volunteers then visit villages and educate local communities
• In the past this work was invested in male volunteers and met with limited success
• This was because men frequently work outside villages and it is mainly women who are responsible for sourcing water and use for household consumption
• Women were able to appreciate the value of filtering drinking water and avoiding contamination of water with people already infected with the parasite
• The responsibility of volunteers included:
\- Monitoring identifying and reporting all new cases of guinea worm
\- Ensuring that those infected did not contaminate water sources
\- Distributing, checking and replacing water filters that remove water fleas from drinking water
\- Identifying water source used by the communities and requiring treatment with larvicides
• This grass rots has proved highly successful and Guinea worm has been eradicated from Ghana
90
New cards
degenerative diseases and lifestyles
* 2019 non infectious heat disease, cancer etc. 70% of detahs
* 3/4 of all deaths and 82% of 16 million people dining before 70 were in middle and low income countries
* dominant non-infecitous diseases are degenerative and so rates increase as a population ages, reflecting the ageing fo the glboal population and increasingly unhealthy lifestyles and enviorments
* CVD, cancer, chronic respiratory disease
* many deaths linked with unhealthy diets, physical inacitivty, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
* negatively collected with inomce
* 3/4 of all deaths and 82% of 16 million people dining before 70 were in middle and low income countries
* dominant non-infecitous diseases are degenerative and so rates increase as a population ages, reflecting the ageing fo the glboal population and increasingly unhealthy lifestyles and enviorments
* CVD, cancer, chronic respiratory disease
* many deaths linked with unhealthy diets, physical inacitivty, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
* negatively collected with inomce
91
New cards
haggerstrand important features
1\. NEIGHBOURHOOD EFFECT: the probability of contact between a carrier and non-carrier is determined by the number of people living in each 5 x 5 km grid square and their distance apart – people living in proximity more likely to get disease
2\. The number of people infected by an epidemic approximates and S-shaped or logistic curve over time.
\- slow beginning
\- the number infected accelerates rapidly
\- eventually levelling out as most of the susceptible population have been infected
3\. Progress and diffusion of disease may be interrupted by physical barriers
\
2\. The number of people infected by an epidemic approximates and S-shaped or logistic curve over time.
\- slow beginning
\- the number infected accelerates rapidly
\- eventually levelling out as most of the susceptible population have been infected
3\. Progress and diffusion of disease may be interrupted by physical barriers
\
92
New cards
barriers to diffusion
PHYSICAL
1\. distance – probability of disease spreading to an area is linked to distance form source
2\. physical geography – mountains, seas, deserts etc.
3\. climate – major factor especially diseases like malaria or sleeping sickness
\
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
1\. political border – borders may check international movement of carries of infectious disease
2\. curfews- stop disease spreading between people e.g., Sierra Leone in 2015 effort to stop Ebola spreading
3. quarantining of western aid workers infected with Ebola minimised risks of disease spreading to the UK
4. wearing face masks in public places and cancelling public events
5. vaccines – availability, accessibility, and affordability
6. health education
1\. distance – probability of disease spreading to an area is linked to distance form source
2\. physical geography – mountains, seas, deserts etc.
3\. climate – major factor especially diseases like malaria or sleeping sickness
\
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
1\. political border – borders may check international movement of carries of infectious disease
2\. curfews- stop disease spreading between people e.g., Sierra Leone in 2015 effort to stop Ebola spreading
3. quarantining of western aid workers infected with Ebola minimised risks of disease spreading to the UK
4. wearing face masks in public places and cancelling public events
5. vaccines – availability, accessibility, and affordability
6. health education
93
New cards
Global patterns of temperature, precipitation, relief, and water sources and how they affect patterns of disease.
· Temperature and precipitation are important drivers of vector-borne diseases and epidemics
· Many diseases depend on warm, humid conditions e.g., Malaria, Dengue fever, Sleeping sickness, yellow fever
· Disease influenced by climate are often seasonal – partly because temperature determines rates of vector development and behaviour as well as viral replication
· Precipitation in the tropics often seasonal and creates aquatic habitats such as ponds and stagnant pools which allow insects and disease vectors to flourish and complete their life cycles
* relief affects global patterns of disease because allude causes abrupt changes in the climate and disease habitats - thus Ethiopia malaria is concentrated in the humid lwolands but absent in the cooler highlands
* many diseases are water borne - developing world million of people rely on water from wells contained by sewage - bacteria for cholera thrive in the condiotns
* unprotected stagnant during water provide habitat for disease vecorres such as copepod vectors that transmit guinea worm
· Many diseases depend on warm, humid conditions e.g., Malaria, Dengue fever, Sleeping sickness, yellow fever
· Disease influenced by climate are often seasonal – partly because temperature determines rates of vector development and behaviour as well as viral replication
· Precipitation in the tropics often seasonal and creates aquatic habitats such as ponds and stagnant pools which allow insects and disease vectors to flourish and complete their life cycles
* relief affects global patterns of disease because allude causes abrupt changes in the climate and disease habitats - thus Ethiopia malaria is concentrated in the humid lwolands but absent in the cooler highlands
* many diseases are water borne - developing world million of people rely on water from wells contained by sewage - bacteria for cholera thrive in the condiotns
* unprotected stagnant during water provide habitat for disease vecorres such as copepod vectors that transmit guinea worm
94
New cards
drought
· Drought may lead to wildfires and dust storms which affect air quality and poor air quality effects breathing/ lungs asthma
· Food security and nutrition – drought can lead to food scarcity and leads malnutrition and undernourishment – leading to illness and diseases without immunity built up
· May lead to increased levels of migration (rural to urban)
· Compromise water quality and quantity – less water means higher levels pollution in water system
· Increased recreational risk – more time spent in water to cool down then more likely to pick up water borne diseases
· Food security and nutrition – drought can lead to food scarcity and leads malnutrition and undernourishment – leading to illness and diseases without immunity built up
· May lead to increased levels of migration (rural to urban)
· Compromise water quality and quantity – less water means higher levels pollution in water system
· Increased recreational risk – more time spent in water to cool down then more likely to pick up water borne diseases
95
New cards
UC DAVIDS MODEL
\- Role in predicting it UC Davis have aspired to halt future flare-ups by creating new model that predicts wildlife species potential of transferring pathogens to humans
\- UC Davis has developed a model that can predict potential unobserved wildlife hosts of flaviviruses
\- works by analysing data on species know to host flavivirus identifying common characterises and then comparing them with data base of birds and mammal’s species to find wildlife with similar traits that may act like hosts
\- UC Davis has developed a model that can predict potential unobserved wildlife hosts of flaviviruses
\- works by analysing data on species know to host flavivirus identifying common characterises and then comparing them with data base of birds and mammal’s species to find wildlife with similar traits that may act like hosts
96
New cards
Physical barriers, such as relief, natural hazards, excess water, remoteness of communities, have positive and negative effects on mitigation strategies and response efforts in dealing with diseases - RELIEF
GOOD
* Lower population density – harder for disease to spread within and across these regions Climate gets colder with higher and therefore less like for some diseases to spread
* Restrict movement of people between areas
\
bad
* If there is disease outbreaks it is difficult for medical services to access them Communication difficult between agencies
* Lower population density – harder for disease to spread within and across these regions Climate gets colder with higher and therefore less like for some diseases to spread
* Restrict movement of people between areas
\
bad
* If there is disease outbreaks it is difficult for medical services to access them Communication difficult between agencies
97
New cards
hysical barriers, such as relief, natural hazards, excess water, remoteness of communities, have positive and negative effects on mitigation strategies and response efforts in dealing with diseases - natural hazards
good
Less stagnate water – during tsunami, monsoon, hurricane get rid of mosquito habitats
Can restrict movement of people
Mobilise response units quicker particularly from NGOs
\
bad
Lots of NGOs and aid workers come to help e.g., Haiti caused cholera Contaminated water supply after earthquakes/ tsunamis / hurricanes leading to stagnant water = water borne disease
Homes and hospital destroyed so large number s of people displace into proximity Injuries caused by natural disaster can lead to open wounds and a greater vulnerability to disease
Infrastructures destroyed = lack of routes to move equipment
Hazards e.g. volcanic eruption could lead to danger for repones teams Medical personal could have been injured / killed din the natural hazard Outbreaks of water borne diseases resulting from poor hygiene and contamination of water supplies, often accompany natural disasters
Less stagnate water – during tsunami, monsoon, hurricane get rid of mosquito habitats
Can restrict movement of people
Mobilise response units quicker particularly from NGOs
\
bad
Lots of NGOs and aid workers come to help e.g., Haiti caused cholera Contaminated water supply after earthquakes/ tsunamis / hurricanes leading to stagnant water = water borne disease
Homes and hospital destroyed so large number s of people displace into proximity Injuries caused by natural disaster can lead to open wounds and a greater vulnerability to disease
Infrastructures destroyed = lack of routes to move equipment
Hazards e.g. volcanic eruption could lead to danger for repones teams Medical personal could have been injured / killed din the natural hazard Outbreaks of water borne diseases resulting from poor hygiene and contamination of water supplies, often accompany natural disasters
98
New cards
physical barriers - excess water
good
potentially can used to clean / sanitise areas
could reduce impact fires / volcanic eruptions
access to medical support via medical ships
evacuation rout e if air travel is not available
In Maryland, USA, Chesapeake Bay divides the state into two distinct regions – the bay acting as a barrier to population movements, limiting the spread of measles int eh period 1917-38
\
bad
Stagnant water = lead to water borne disease and vector borne disease Contaminated water supplies
Inaccessible to emergency relief efforts
Flooding could then damage buildings and lead to mass evacuation Equipment could be destroyed
potentially can used to clean / sanitise areas
could reduce impact fires / volcanic eruptions
access to medical support via medical ships
evacuation rout e if air travel is not available
In Maryland, USA, Chesapeake Bay divides the state into two distinct regions – the bay acting as a barrier to population movements, limiting the spread of measles int eh period 1917-38
\
bad
Stagnant water = lead to water borne disease and vector borne disease Contaminated water supplies
Inaccessible to emergency relief efforts
Flooding could then damage buildings and lead to mass evacuation Equipment could be destroyed
99
New cards
remote communities
yes
Barriers can often isolate communities and restrict population movements – in the face of a pandemic remoteness can be an advantage, reducing the risk of infection and the spread of disease
Yet remoteness can also protect the wider population from disease risks – Ebola first appeared in equatorial Africa in the 80s, but communities affected were so isolated in the Congo rainforest that the disease was contained
\
no
disease outbreaks within isolated communities may delay the arrival of medical assistance and emergency aid
Until the mid-20th century the vast rainforest of the Amazon Basin isolated 100s of indigenous Indian tribes form the outside world - For many tribes this isolation was a disaster with little or not immunity to common western disease such as flu, measles and chickenpox contact with cattle rancher, oil explores, and loggers was fatal – in Peru half the Nahua tribe contacted for the first time in early 1980s was wiped out by disease following oil exploration on their land
In remote regions that are difficult to access disease can quickly get out of control and assume epidemic proportion - Pakistan and Nepal experience earthquakes in 2005 and 2015 – endemic water borne disease such as typhoid, cholera and dysentery presented the greatest threat in isolated rural areas which medical teams and emergency aid could not reach. In the remote Gorkha region of Nepal many settlements are 1-2 days walk from villages during the earthquake theses were cut off by landslides and were without aid supplies – epidemics took hold
Lack of wider immunisation programs
Focus on subsistence farmer so more prone to zoonotic disease transferred from their animals
Lack of education could lead to difficulty spreading mitigation information / sanitation issues
Barriers can often isolate communities and restrict population movements – in the face of a pandemic remoteness can be an advantage, reducing the risk of infection and the spread of disease
Yet remoteness can also protect the wider population from disease risks – Ebola first appeared in equatorial Africa in the 80s, but communities affected were so isolated in the Congo rainforest that the disease was contained
\
no
disease outbreaks within isolated communities may delay the arrival of medical assistance and emergency aid
Until the mid-20th century the vast rainforest of the Amazon Basin isolated 100s of indigenous Indian tribes form the outside world - For many tribes this isolation was a disaster with little or not immunity to common western disease such as flu, measles and chickenpox contact with cattle rancher, oil explores, and loggers was fatal – in Peru half the Nahua tribe contacted for the first time in early 1980s was wiped out by disease following oil exploration on their land
In remote regions that are difficult to access disease can quickly get out of control and assume epidemic proportion - Pakistan and Nepal experience earthquakes in 2005 and 2015 – endemic water borne disease such as typhoid, cholera and dysentery presented the greatest threat in isolated rural areas which medical teams and emergency aid could not reach. In the remote Gorkha region of Nepal many settlements are 1-2 days walk from villages during the earthquake theses were cut off by landslides and were without aid supplies – epidemics took hold
Lack of wider immunisation programs
Focus on subsistence farmer so more prone to zoonotic disease transferred from their animals
Lack of education could lead to difficulty spreading mitigation information / sanitation issues
100
New cards
COVID - SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACT
o Without a vaccine country forced to impose unprecedented restrictions on personal liberties combining lockdown, restrictions of movements and enforced quarantine
o With countries interpretation, timing and degree differing but almost all used lockdowns
o Social impacts never will be fully known distinction between more affluent communities and those with less living space in more deprived locations
o Death rate higher in older populations
o Younger aged groups most impacted by job losses and interpretation with education
o Differences according to ethnicity which also relates to deprivation and uneven employment distribution exposing more of these minorities to infection
o Economic impacts – most significant global depression since 1929 and impacts are yet to fully unfold
o With countries interpretation, timing and degree differing but almost all used lockdowns
o Social impacts never will be fully known distinction between more affluent communities and those with less living space in more deprived locations
o Death rate higher in older populations
o Younger aged groups most impacted by job losses and interpretation with education
o Differences according to ethnicity which also relates to deprivation and uneven employment distribution exposing more of these minorities to infection
o Economic impacts – most significant global depression since 1929 and impacts are yet to fully unfold
Note 
Flashcards (31)