AP Psychology Unit 2.3 Quiz

Memory

the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval

Explicit Memory

retention of facts that one can consciously know and "declare"

Episodic Memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Implicit Memory

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

Working Memory

the part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing.

Multi-Store Model

proposes that human memory has three distinct components: a sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)

Sensory Model

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Central Executive

coordinates the flow of information between different memory stores and other cognitive processes

Phonological Loop

a component of working memory that temporarily stores and manipulates auditory and verbal information

Iconic Memory

a type of sensory memory that briefly stores visual information, acting as a fleeting "photographic" record of what the eyes see

Echoic Memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; when attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled for 3 - 4 seconds.

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Deep Processing

a way of encoding information that focuses on its meaning and significance, rather than superficial characteristics

Automatic Processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious of effort

Encoding

Turning information into a usable form

Storing

the process of retaining encoding information over time

Retrieval

Accessing stored information when needed

Structural Processing

the shallowest level of encoding where information is processed based on its physical characteristics or appearance

Phonemic Processing

the ability to pay attention to and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) within spoken words

Semantic Processing

the cognitive process of understanding the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

LTP is thought to be a way in which ____

the brain changes in response to experience

Semantic Memory

Explicit memory of general facts or knowledge; the other conscious memory system

Procedural Memory

Skills like riding a bike or typing

Prospective Memory

Remembering to do something in the future (i.e. turning in an assignment)

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Long-term Memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences