deviance and social control final

What are Edwin Sutherland's propositions of differential association theory?

That deviant behavior is learned through interactions with others, emphasizing that individuals learn values, norms, and techniques of deviance from their social groups.

What generally causes deviant behavior, according to Sutherland?

Deviant behavior is caused by an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.

What are Burgess and Akers' main contribution to differential association theory?

The expansion of Sutherland's theory by incorporating concepts of operant conditioning and reinforcement into the understanding of how deviant behavior is learned.

What are Ronald Akers' concepts of social learning theory?

Differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement, and imitation.

According to Sykes and Matza, why would people violate norms and laws even though they most likely know it is wrong to do so?

People may use techniques of neutralization to justify their deviant behavior, allowing them to temporarily suspend their moral beliefs.

How do Sykes and Matza characterize each of the five techniques of neutralization?

Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties. Each technique allows individuals to rationalize their deviant actions.

How does Akers' social structure and social learning theory (SSSL) expand on earlier theories of social learning?

By incorporating social structure factors, such as socioeconomic status and community influences, into the learning process of deviant behavior.

What is meant by 'rape culture,' as mentioned in Armstrong, et. al.'s article?

A to a societal environment that normalizes, trivializes, or condones sexual violence and harassment.

How do universities' prohibitions of alcohol consumption and partying on college campuses contribute to the problem of sexual assault among college students?

Such prohibitions can create an underground culture where risky behaviors are more likely to occur, increasing the likelihood of sexual assault.

How do certain gender beliefs contribute to the problem of sexual assault among college students, according to Armstrong, et. al.?

Gender beliefs that promote male dominance and female submissiveness can perpetuate an environment where sexual assault is more likely to occur.

How might Armstrong, Hamilton, and Sweeny's characterization of sexual assault on college campus illustrate Sutherland's concept of differential association?

Their characterization suggests that peer influences and social norms within college environments can normalize or condone sexual assault behaviors.

What is differential reinforcement?

A concept where behaviors are encouraged or discouraged based on the consequences that follow them, influencing the likelihood of those behaviors being repeated.

What is differential association?

The theory that deviant behavior is learned through interactions with others who engage in or endorse such behavior.

What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Any consequence that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

What do labeling theorists focus on?

How the labels society assigns to individuals can influence their self-identity and behavior.

According to labeling theory, what role does public reaction play in defining an act as deviant?

It can solidify an act as deviant by labeling individuals, which can lead to stigmatization and further deviant behavior.

What impact does labeling have on those so labeled?

It can lead to internalization of the label, affecting self-identity and potentially leading to further deviance.

What does it mean that labeling is a relational process?

It means that labeling involves interactions between individuals and society, where the perception of deviance is influenced by social context.

Why is labeling theory considered a relativist perspective on deviance?

It views deviance as dependent on social context and perceptions rather than as an inherent quality of the act itself.

What are examples of Lemert's primary and secondary deviance?

Primary deviance refers to initial acts of rule-breaking, while secondary deviance occurs when an individual adopts a deviant identity due to societal labeling.

What were the objectives of the Rosenhan experiment?

It aimed to investigate the validity of psychiatric diagnoses and the impact of labeling on individuals' experiences in mental health institutions.

What does Chambliss's study, 'The Saints and the Roughnecks,' suggest about the impact of labeling?

It suggests that societal reactions to deviance can vary based on social class, leading to differential treatment and consequences for similar behaviors.

What factors contributed to differences in how the community viewed the Saints and the Roughnecks?

Differences in social class, race, and community perceptions influenced how the two groups were labeled and treated by society.

What does Rios mean by 'labeling hype'?

The exaggerated focus on certain individuals or groups as deviant, which can amplify their deviant identity.

What is meant by 'positive rite'?

A socially recognized and celebrated transition or status that affirms an individual's identity or role in society.

What is meant by 'code of the street'?

A set of informal rules governing interpersonal behavior in urban environments, particularly regarding respect and violence.

What is the purpose of capitalism, according to lecture?

To generate profit through the production and exchange of goods and services.

How is society generally structured in capitalist societies, according to Marx?

Marx argued that capitalist societies are structured around the relationship between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers).

What's the difference between capitalists and workers, according to Marx?

Capitalists own the means of production, while workers sell their labor for wages.

What role do laws, values, norms, and ideas play in a capitalist society, according to Marx?

They serve to maintain the interests of the ruling class and perpetuate social inequality.

How does capitalism contribute to crime, according to Bonger?

Bonger argued that capitalism creates conditions of inequality and competition that can lead to criminal behavior as individuals seek to survive or gain advantage.

What do legal definitions represent, according to George Vold?

Legal definitions represent the interests and power of those who create and enforce laws, often reflecting societal inequalities.

What does Steven Spitzer mean by 'problem populations'?

Spitzer refers to groups that are labeled as deviant or problematic by society, often leading to social control measures against them.

What are the two functions of law, according to Joseph Gusfield?

The two functions are to maintain social order and to reflect and enforce societal values.

What drove the temperance movement in the United States?

The temperance movement was driven by social reformers who believed that alcohol consumption led to social problems, culminating in the nationwide prohibition of alcohol.

What did Stanley Cohen mean by 'moral panic'?

Moral panic refers to widespread fear or concern over a perceived threat to societal norms and values, often leading to exaggerated responses.

What characteristics of the reaction against critical race theory align with Cohen's idea of 'moral panic'?

The reaction often involves heightened emotions, sensationalism, and calls for immediate action against perceived threats to societal values.

What role does the use of the 'f**' epithet play among the adolescent boys Pascoe studied?

The epithet serves as a tool for enforcing masculine norms and expressing homophobia within peer groups.

What does the meaning of words, such as 'f**,' depend on?

The meaning depends on the social context and the relationships between the individuals using the term.

What is meant by 'constitutive outside' in Pascoe's account?

It refers to the idea that identities are formed in relation to what is considered outside or opposite to the norm, particularly in constructing masculinity.

What does Butler's theory of gender imply about the priority of categories?

Butler's theory suggests that gender categories are socially constructed and not inherently natural, challenging traditional views of gender.

What does Pascoe mean when she says that the use of the f** slur reflects gendered homophobia?

It indicates that the slur is not only a rejection of homosexuality but also reinforces traditional gender roles and expectations.

What is the humor trying to achieve when homophobic slurs are used?

The humor often aims to reinforce group identity and establish dominance by mocking those who do not conform to gender norms.

Why does maintaining a 'normal' gender identity require repudiation of the abject identity of the 'f**'?

It requires this repudiation to affirm one's own identity by contrasting it against what is deemed deviant or undesirable.

What was the significance of the double standard regarding attitudes towards gay people and lesbians in Pascoe's study?

It highlights the complexities of gender and sexuality, showing that acceptance can vary based on gender, even within homophobic contexts.

What does Pascoe mean when she says that the epithet is fluid?

It means that the term does not refer to a fixed identity but can change based on context and usage.

Did the fluidity of the 'f**' make it less or more of a threat, according to Pascoe?

The fluidity made it more of a threat because it could be applied to various individuals, increasing its potential for harm.

How does Müller characterize populism?

Müller characterizes populism as a political approach that divides society into two groups: 'the pure people' versus 'the corrupt elite.'

What does Müller mean that populism is based on the idea that there exists one true people?

He suggests that populism claims to represent the will of a homogenous group, often excluding others based on identity.

How are 'the People' defined, according to Müller?

They are defined as a specific group that populist leaders claim to represent, often based on national or ethnic identity.

Why do populist movements frequently target migrants, according to Müller and Kaya?

Migrants are often scapegoated as threats to national identity and resources, allowing populist leaders to rally support.

What explanations do Müller and Kaya provide for the rise of populist movements?

They cite economic crises, social dislocation, and a backlash against globalization as key factors contributing to the rise of populism.

How are crises used by populist leaders, according to Kaya?

Crises are used to galvanize support by framing populist solutions as necessary responses to urgent problems.

What is pluralism, according to lecture?

Pluralism is the coexistence of multiple diverse groups and perspectives within a society.

What does it mean to say that populism tends to be anti-pluralist?

It means that populism often rejects the idea of diversity and seeks to unify society under a singular identity, viewing pluralism as a threat.

What is meant by 'white supremacy,' according to lecture?

White supremacy refers to the belief in the superiority of white people and the systemic oppression of non-white individuals.

What about the 13th Amendment encouraged white society to criminalize formerly enslaved blacks?

The 13th Amendment's exception for punishment of crime allowed for the continued exploitation of Black individuals through practices like Black codes and convict leasing.

What was D. W. Griffith's film The Birth of a Nation an illustration of?

It illustrated the racist narratives that justified the oppression of Black Americans and the glorification of the Ku Klux Klan.

How was poverty and crime framed in the 'law and order' rhetoric of the 1950s and 1960s?

Poverty and crime were framed as threats to societal stability, often leading to increased policing and punitive measures against marginalized communities.

How was the Civil Rights Movement criminalized, according to 13th?

The Civil Rights Movement was criminalized through the portrayal of activists as lawbreakers and threats to public order.

What was 'Jim Crow,' as discussed in class?

Jim Crow refers to the system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced in the Southern United States after the Reconstruction era.

What were southern officials referring to when they called for a return to 'law and order'?

They referred to the need to suppress civil rights activism and maintain racial hierarchy.

How did conservative views of poverty and crime differ from those in the Great Society programs?

Conservative views often blamed individuals for their circumstances, while Great Society programs aimed to address systemic inequalities.

What was the 'Southern Strategy' and how did it contribute to the criminalization of race?

The Southern Strategy was a political strategy that aimed to gain support from white voters by appealing to racial tensions, contributing to the criminalization of Black individuals.

What do 'code words' or 'dog-whistle politics' mean?

These terms refer to language that conveys specific messages to particular groups while remaining ambiguous to others, often used to perpetuate racial biases.