Bio: Macromolecules

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100 Terms

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Carbohydrate

contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; oxygen and carbon number are close

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proteins

contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen

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lipids

contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes a phosphate group; oxygen and carbon number are not close at all

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nucleic acids

contain carbon, hudrogen, oxygen, phosphate, and nitrogen

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monomer

small, single unit, basic building block

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dimer

2 monomers bonded

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polymer

many monomers joined together with a covalent bond

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different polymers

different sequences of monomers →

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anabolic, endergonic reactions

reactions that build up macromolecules

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catabolic, exergonic reactions

reactions that break down macromolecules

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dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)

builds molecules up, requires energy. results in the formation of a large molecule out of smaller molecules forming covalent bonds.

water is formed and released each time a covalent bond is formed

<p>builds molecules up, requires energy. results in the formation of a large molecule out of smaller molecules forming covalent bonds. </p><p>water is formed and released each time a covalent bond is formed </p>
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hydrolysis reaction

breaks molecules down, releases energy. results in formation of smaller molecules out of a large molecules breaking covalent bonds

water is broken doen and its parts are added to form the products

<p>breaks molecules down, releases energy. results in formation of smaller molecules out of a large molecules breaking covalent bonds</p><p>water is broken doen and its parts are added to form the products </p>
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monosaccharide

monomer of a carbohydrate

1C: 2H: 1O ratio

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glucose, fructose, and galactose

6- carbon sugars

C6: H12: O6

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ribose and deoxyribose

5- carbon sugars

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disaccaharide

dimer of carbohydrates- double sugar

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sucrose, maltose, lactose

disaccharides

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alpha glucose

1-hydroxyl and 4- hydroxyl on the same side

hydroxyl group below

<p>1-hydroxyl and 4- hydroxyl on the same side</p><p>hydroxyl group below</p>
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beta glucose

1 hydroxyl and 4 hydroxyl, on opposite sides

hydroxyl group above

<p>1 hydroxyl and 4 hydroxyl, on opposite sides </p><p>hydroxyl group above </p>
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linear

polymers made out of beta glucose

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linear polysacchrides

allows for hydrogen bonds creating a strong building material such as cellulose

<p>allows for hydrogen bonds creating a strong building material such as cellulose </p>
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helical

polymers made out of alpha glucose

<p>polymers made out of alpha glucose </p>
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alpha glucose (starch and glycogen)

energy storage polysaccharides

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beta glucose( cellulose and chitin)

structural polysaccharides

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starch

energy storage polysaccharide found in plants (plastids)

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glycogen

energy storage polysaccharide found in animals

short term energy storage in liver + muscle

extensively branched

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cellulose

structural polysaccharide found in plants, in the cell wall

most abundant on earth

insoluble fiber

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chitin

structural polysaccharide found in animals and fungus, makes up exoskeleton in animals

makes up cell wall in fungus and found in exoskeletons

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amylose

simple starch, unbranched

<p>simple starch, unbranched </p>
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amylopectin

complex starch, branched

<p>complex starch, branched </p>
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glycosidic bond

covalent bond; holds monomers together to make polymers in sugars C-O-C

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polysaccharide

polymer of carbohydrates

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C:H bond

non-polar covalent bond; insoluble in water

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hydrocarbon tails

causes lipids to repel water

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adipose

long term energy storage, insulation, cushion/ protects organs

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2x more than carbs

how much energy does a lipid store

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fatty acid and glycerol

what are the two “monomers” of a lipid

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fatty acid

carboxyl group bonded to long hydrocarbon chain

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glycerol

3-C backbone, sugar alcohol

<p>3-C backbone, sugar alcohol </p>
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ester linkage

covalent bond between glycerol and fatty acid; O-C-O

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triglyceride (fat molecule)

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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saturated and unsaturated

what are the two types of fatty acids

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saturated fatty acid

all single C-C bonds, linear, and maxium hydrogen

packed together tightly and solidify at room temperature

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unsaturated fatty acid

contain at least one C-C double bond in the fatty acid; double bong creates a kink in the chain, not max hydrogen

kinks make the fats unable to pack together closely, thus remaining a liquid at room temperature

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phospholipid

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group (PO4) that can have other molecules attached to it

<p>1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group (PO4) that can have other molecules attached to it </p>
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head of phospholipid

phosphate group (negative charge) that is hydrophilic (interacts with polar molecules aka water= H-bond with water)

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tail of phospholipid

2 fatty acid (hydrocarbon) tails are hydrophobic

protected by the heads in a phospholipid bilayer

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steroid

4 fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached giving different properties

<p>4 fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached giving different properties </p>
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cholesterol

the basis for forming all other steroids

found in cell memebranes - fluidity

synthesized by the liver, also obtained in diet

high levels lead to cardiovascular disease

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differences in fuction and structure

differences in saturation determine what in a lipid

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amino acid

monomer of proteins

20 total, that differ at the R group

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carboxyl (COOH) and amino acid (-NH2)

what 2 functional groups are present in an amino acid

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dipeptide

dimer of proteins

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polypeptide

polymer of proteins

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glycoprotein

protein + carbohydrate: found in cell membrane, helps cells with recognition

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peptide bond

covalent bond that holds proteins together, C-N

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enzymatic, defensive, hormones, transport, receptors, structure, contractile, and storage

what are the 8 functions of proteins

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by making sure the amino acid is in the right direction

how do enzymes speed up the reaction in the protein

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hydrophobic

carbon + hydrogen

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electornegative/ hydrophilic

oxygen + nitrogen

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primary structure of proteins

linear chain (a change here will cause a change in all other levels)

<p>linear chain (a change here will cause a change in all other levels)</p>
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secondary structure

polypeptide backbone is folded and stabilized by hydrogen bonds

hydrogen bond formed between oxygen of carboxyl group and hydrogen of amino group

<p>polypeptide backbone is folded and stabilized by hydrogen bonds </p><p>hydrogen bond formed between oxygen of carboxyl group and hydrogen of amino group</p>
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alpha helix

colied regions of a secondary structure amino acid

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beta pleated sheet

flat/ folded regions of a secondary structure amino acid

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tertiary structure

3d protein shape is stabilized by side chain interactions (R groups)

hydrogen bonds from between polar side chains

<p>3d protein shape is stabilized by side chain interactions (R groups)</p><p>hydrogen bonds from between polar side chains </p>
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disulfide bridges

covalent bonds between sulfhydryl (-SH) groups

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quaternary structure

multiple polypeptide chains combine to form one protein

<p>multiple polypeptide chains combine to form one protein</p>
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denature

change in protein shape due to breakdown of interactions/ bonding causing it to unravel/ unfold and no longer function

<p>change in protein shape due to breakdown of interactions/ bonding causing it to unravel/ unfold and no longer function </p>
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chaperonin

proteins that assit in the process of folding other proteins

large interior spaces that provide the polypeptide chain a “safe place” to fold away from outsid/ environmental influence of the cell

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diseases such as alzheimer’s, parkinson’s, and mad cow can be caused

what can happen in a protein misfolds

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the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide

what determines the overall shape and function of the protein

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the carboxyl (C) terminus of the growing peptide chain

where do the covalent bonds form in a linear chain of amino acids

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nucleotide

the monomer of a nucleic acid

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pentose (5C) sugar, Phosphate group (PO4), and a nitogen

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

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ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA)

what are the pentose sugars in a nucleotide

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gives the backbone a negative charge

what does the phosphate group do in a nucleotide

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adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil

what are the 5 nitrogen bases

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thymine

what does adenine bond to in DNA

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guanine

what does cytosine bond to

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uracil

what does adenine bond to in RNA

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thymine, uracil, and cytosine

what are the pyrimidines (base with one 6-carbon ring)

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adenine and guanine

what are the purines (base with one 6-carbon ring and one 5-carbon ring)

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polynucleotide

polymer of nucleic acid

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phosphodiester C-O-P

covalent bond holding nucleic acids together

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5-C ribose

Adenine nitrogen base

3 phosphate groups

what does ATP contain

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5-C ribose

Adenine nitrogen base

2 phosphate groups

what does ADP contain

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5-C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

Nitrogen base

what does a nucleoside contain

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the 3’ end

where are nucleotides added to a growing DNA/RNA strand

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5’

phosphate group in DNA/RNA is where

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3’

hydroxyl group in DNA/RNA is where

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antiparrel 3’-5’ 5-3’

what is the directionality of DNA strands

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close evolutionary relationship

similar DNA/proteins→

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adenine

what is this nitrogen base

<p>what is this nitrogen base </p>
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guanine

what is this nitrogen base

<p>what is this nitrogen base </p>
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cytosine

what is this nitrogen base

<p>what is this nitrogen base </p>
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thymine

what is this nitrogen base

<p>what is this nitrogen base </p>
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uracil

what is this nitrogen base

<p>what is this nitrogen base </p>
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hydrogen bonds

what type of bonds allow for base pairing

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3 hydrogen bonds

how many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine have

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2 hydrogen bonds

how many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine have