CDS-2500 Unit 2 Test B

Articulation 

The process of joining two elements together 

Speech articulation 

The process of bringing two or more moveable speech structures together to form speech sounds 

What are phonemes?

Speech sounds

Articulatory System 

The system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech 

Articulators 

The structures used to produce speech sounds (phonemes) 

Source-Filter Theory 

* Sound enters the vocal tract where it is shaped into the sounds of speech 
* Changes in the shape and configuration of the vocal tract (articulators) determine the sound 
* When you move tongue, you change shape of oral cavity 
* Short/long; wide/narrow 

Examples of mobile articulators 

Tongue, mandible, velum, lips, cheeks, pharynx, larynx, hyoid bone

Examples of immobile articulators

teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge

What are the support structures of the articulatory system?

Skull and Muscles

Cranial skeleton bones 

Include those that make up the cranial cavity 

Ethmoid bones 

The core of the skull and face 

Sphenoid bone  

Located within the brain case-lesser and greater wings 

What are the landmarks of the ethmoid bone?

Perpendicular plate  and cribriform plate

Perpendicular plate 

Portion that is visible through the nose 

Cribriform plate 

Olfactory nerve passes through here on the way to the brain 

What consists of a corpus and three processes

Sphenoid Bone  

Frontal bone 

Makes up bony forehead 

Parietal bone 

Paired bones form middle portion of the braincase 

Occipital Bone 

Posterior braincase

Temporal Bone 

Lateral skull 

What does the frontal bone contain

* Nasal Portion 
* Orbital portion of the frontal bone 
* eyes 


* Zygomatic process of the frontal bone 
* cheeks 

What does the occipital bone do?

Forms base of the brain 

What are the landmarks of the temporal bone

* Zygomatic process
* External auditory meatus  
* Styloid process
* Squamous portion  
* Mastoid process

Squamosal Suture 

Joins the parietal and temporal bones 

Sagittal suture 

Joins the parietal bones 

Lambdoid suture 

Juncture of the occipital and parietal bones 

Coronal suture 

Unites the frontal and parietal bones 

Bones of the face

* Zygomatic 
* Maxilla 
* Nasial lacrimal 
* Mandible 

Mental foramina

Holes where the mental nerve of CN V (trigeminal passes 

Ramus 

Plate that raises up from angle 

Facial Bones-Maxilla

* Upper jaw 
* Makes up most of the roof of the mouth nose, and upper dental ridge 
* Involved in clefting of the lap and hard palate 

Alveolar process 

Tooth-bearing ridge 

Nasal notch 

Entrance to the nose 

Frontal process 

Superior-most point of maxilla 

Infra-orbital margin 

Lower point of eye socket 

Infraorbital foramen 

A portion of the maxillary nerve of the V trigeminal passes through this foramen 

__Zygomatic process__

Articulates with the zygomatic bones 

Nasal crest  

The place where the nose and the maxilla come together 

Palatine process 

Makes up a large portion of the hard palate (roof of mouth)  

Maxillary Sinus 

Sinus cavities 

What are the parts of the nasal septum?

* Septal cartilage 
* Vomer 
* Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone 

How many facial bones are there

14

How many nasal bones are there?

2

Nasal bones

* Small; makes up superior nasal surface 


* Form upper margin of the nasal cavity 

How many lacrimal bones are there?

2

Lacrimal bones

Constitute a small portion of lateral nasal wall and medial orbit

How many nasal conchae are there?

2

Nasal conchae

Small scroll-like bones on lateral surface of nasal cavity 

How many palatine bones are there?

2

Palatine Bones

Proceeds posterior ¼ of hard palate 

How many vomer bones are there?

1

Vomer

Makes up part of nasal septum 

How many zygomatic bones are there?

2

Zygomatic bones

Form the cheekbones 

How many maxilla bones are there?

2

How many mandible bones are there?

1

How many cavities does the vocal track consists of?

3

What are the cavities does the vocal track contain?

* Oral cavity 
* Pharynx 
* Nasal cavity 

Hyoid bone 

The interconnection of the phonatory and articulatory systems 

Oral cavity 

* Undergoes the most change during speech 


* Strongly involved in articulation 
* Shaped by movements of tongue and mandible 

What is the anterior boundary of the oral cavity?

Oral opening/mouth 

What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?

Faucial pillars 

What is the lateral margins of the oral cavity?

Teeth and checks 

What is the hard palate of the oral cavity

hard roof of the mouth

Rugae  

Prominet lateral ridges 

Median raphe 

Divides hard palate in half

What is the soft palate of the oral cavity

* Soft roof of mouth 
* Moveable muscle that separates oral and nasal cavities 
* Uvula 

Uvula 

Terminus of soft palate 

What is the anterior and posterior faucial pillars 

Sides of the velum 

Palatine tonsils 

Between faucial pillars 

Buccal Cavity 

* Plays a role in oral resonance and high-level consonant productions 
* Lies __lateral__ to oral cavity between teeth and cheeks 
* Lateral /s/ distortion 

Pharyngeal cavity (pharynx) 

* Tube approximately 12 cm long; extends from vocal folds to the region behind the nasal cavities 


* Shape altered by muscular contraction 
* Constriction of pharynx helps close the velopharyngeal port (gateway between oral and nasal pharynx) 

Velopharyngeal port 

Opening between the oropharynx and nasopharynx 

What are the cavities of the pharyngeal

Oropharynx, laryngopharynx, nasopharynx

Oropharynx 

Immediately behind the faucal pillars; the roof is the velum; lower boundary is hyoid bone  

Laryngopharynx 

Anterior boundary is the epiglottis, lower boundary is esophagus 

Nasopharynx 

Floor is the velum, contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) in superior/posterior; side wall has orifice of Eustachian tube (connects nasopharynx to middle ear) 

Nasal cavities (paired) 

* Warms and humidifies air to protect the lungs 
* Fine nasal hairs prevent particles from entering lower respiratory tract  
* Divided by the nasal septum (perpendicular plate +vomer+ cartilage) 

Nares 

Anterior boundary; floor is hard palate 

Nasal concha 

Posterior portals connecting nasopharynx and nasal cavities 

Lips

* Movement for speech depends on muscles of the face 
* Important in both facial expression and speech 

**Orbicularis Oris** 

* Sphincter muscle deep to the lips 
* When contracts, closes the mouth like a drawstring 

What are the lip elevators

* Levator labii superioris  
* Alaeque nasi 
* Zygomatic minor 
* Zygomatic major

Depressor Labii Inferioris 

* Runs from mandible to lower lip 
* Pulls lip down and out 

Depressor Anguli Oris 

* Fanlike muscle, runs from mandible up to the conrner of the mouth 
* Pulls the corner down for frowning 

Muscles that **lower the lips labial depressors** 

* Depressor Labii Inferioris 
* Depressor Anguli Oris 

Mentalis 

Contraction causes wrinkles chin, and it pushes the lower lip upwards and outwards. Can be maladaptive/atypical if used excessively during speech 

Platysma 

* Neck muscle that assists in depression of the mandible by providing stabilization 
* Arises from pectoralis major and runs up nto the corner of the mouth, all of the anterior neck 

Tongue 

* Occupies majority of the oral cavity/mouth. Rest in the roof of the mouth/touching the hard palate 


* Assists in shaping the dental arches 

Median fibrous septum 

Courses the length of the tongue; dividing wall (median plane) between right and left halves Dorsum 

Dorsum 

Superior surface of the tongue

Tip/Apex 

Anterior most point of the tongue

Where does the base of the tongue reside

In the oropharynx

Intrinsic Muscles of the tongue 

* Superior longitudinal
* Inferior longitudinal
* Transverse Intrinsic Muscles 
* Vertical Muscles  

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue 

* Genioglossus 
* Hyoglossus 
* Styloglossus 
* Palatoglossus 

Superior longitudinal (paired) 

* Makes up upper layer of tongue 
* Pulls tongue tip up 
* Also helps retract the tongue and assists in pulling left or right 

Inferior longitudinal (paired) 

* Courses on either side of the inferior tongue 
* Pulls tongue down 
* Also, can help retract or deviate the tongue 

Transverse Intrinsic Muscles 

* Pull sides of tongue towards midline 
* Fibers run side to side (difficult to see) 

Vertical Muscles  

Pulls dorsum down towards floor of mouth 

Genioglossus 

* Makes up most of the tongue 
* Responsible for most movement