tonicity

What is the effect of solute concentration on free water concentration?

Higher solute concentration results in lower free water concentration, affecting osmosis.

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

The cell shrinks because the solution outside has more solutes than inside.

What occurs to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

The cell swells and may burst due to water entering by osmosis.

What is the effect of an isotonic solution on an animal cell?

The cell remains the same size as concentrations inside and outside are equal.

What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?

The cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall as water leaves the cell.

What occurs to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?

The cell becomes firm due to water entering, prevented from bursting by the cell wall.

What is the effect of an isotonic solution on a plant cell?

The cell remains turgid, maintaining its shape.

What is the role of electron transport chains?

They transport electrons and pump H+ ions to generate a concentration gradient for ATP production.

What is the relationship between water potential and free water?

Water will always move from an area of high water potential (more free water) to an area of low water potential (less free water).

What is the effect of a hypertonic environment on plant cells?

Water will leave the plant cells, causing them to plasmolyze, where the cytoplasm shrinks and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

What is the effect of a hypotonic environment on plant cells?

Water enters plant cells until the cell wall exerts pressure, resulting in a firm or turgid state.

What is the significance of the cell wall in plant cells during osmosis?

The cell wall can exert pressure to prevent excessive water entry, protecting the cell from bursting.

What is the effect of pressure on water potential in plant cells?

An increase in pressure raises the water potential, usually resulting in a positive value in living plant cells.

Why is it important for animal cells to be in an isotonic solution?

Animal cells must be bathed in an isotonic solution to prevent excessive water intake or loss.

Which organelle prevents a freshwater protist from bursting in a hypotonic environment?

Contractile vacuole.

What specific function collapses if the inner membrane of mitochondria is damaged?

ATP production.

What step fails if a protein meant for export is found in the cytoplasm?

It did not enter the rough ER.

How can plants grow tall without collapsing despite not having bones?

The cell wall provides rigidity.

Which organelle increases in number when a muscle cell's activity increases?

Mitochondria.

What is the plasma membrane?

The boundary of the cell that regulates what enters/exits.

What is a phospholipid?

A molecule with a polar head and two nonpolar tails that forms the bilayer.

What does hydrophilic mean?

Water-loving; attracted to water.

What does hydrophobic mean?

Water-fearing; repels water.

What is cytoplasm?

All internal cell contents, excluding the nucleus.

What is diffusion through the bilayer?

Small, nonpolar molecules pass easily; most cannot.

What does the nucleus do?

Holds DNA and controls cell activities.

What is the nucleolus?

Region inside the nucleus where RNA is synthesized.

What are ribosomes?

Structures where proteins are made.

What is the rough ER?

Studded with ribosomes; makes and transports proteins.

What is the smooth ER?

Makes lipids and detoxifies drugs.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins and lipids.

What is a lysosome?

Digestive sac containing enzymes.

What is a vacuole?

Storage and maintenance compartments.

What are mitochondria?

Site of ATP production.

What are chloroplasts?

Site of photosynthesis in plants.

What is a cell wall?

Rigid outer layer in plants.